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College of Engineering and Physical Sciences School of Civil Engineering THE USE OF QUARRY FINES IN ROAD PAVEMENT CONSTRUCTION MSc. Geotechnical Engineering and Management Literature review Report Salvatory Lyakurwa, ID: 1192649

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TOPIC: CONTRACT MANAGEMENT ON MANAGING CHANGE IN ROAD PROJECTS IN TANZANIA

College of Engineering and Physical Sciences

School of Civil Engineering

THE USE OF QUARRY FINES IN ROAD PAVEMENT CONSTRUCTIONMSc. Geotechnical Engineering and Management

Literature review Report

Salvatory Lyakurwa,

ID: 1192649

Table of Contents

11Introduction

11.1Background

21.2Aim and Objectives

21.3Research Outlines

32Literature Review

32.1Concept overview

32.2Production of quarry of fines

42.3Characteristics of quarry fines

52.3.1Particle Size Distribution

62.3.2Particle Shape and Texture

62.3.3Atterberg Limits

62.3.4Bulk Density

72.3.5Chemical Properties

82.4Applications of quarry fines

82.4.1The use of quarry fines in unbound applications

132.4.2The use of quarry fines in bound applications

172.5Performance of quarry fines on Road Pavement Construction

172.5.1Behaviour of Natural Subgrade Soil

182.5.2Characteristic Strength of Quarry Fines on the Pavement Construction

212.6Conclusion

233Reference

1 Introduction1.1 Background Quarry fines are by-products of crushing rock to make aggregates. The production of aggregates comprises blasting, primary and secondary crushing and screening (Puppala et. al, 2012). The quality of quarry fines depends on the lithology, method of excavation (blasting), processing plants and degree of processing. However, the uniformity and quality of the materials influenced by the type rock found in the quarry.

According to Mitchell (2009), the quantity of quarry fines produced in United Kingdom varies from one quarry to another due to massive scale of operations and demand of the aggregates, however there may be a local shortage of fines for a specific purpose such as block plants and requires local quarries to increase fines production by the use of impact crushers. Stockpiles of quarry fines are growing ever large because of increase of aggregates levy imposed as a government tax and market demand which vary from urban to local areas, whereby remote areas get more problems of finding market of fines.

Large stockpiles of quarry fines within the proximity of production can hinder normal quarry operations which require double handling. In order to utilize quarry fines more, they can considered as partial or fill replacement material for conventional one such as pavement construction, site remediation and artificial soil, making blocks, tiles and general (Petavratzi, 2007). One possible significant use of quarry fines is in the road construction as fill, capping layer or subbase materials. This would result large savings compared to conventional materials and generate more revenue from the sales (Kumar & Hudson, 1992). However, the economic value of quarry fines depends on the proximity of suitable quarry fines to the project.

This project sets to assess the use of quarry fines in road pavement construction. 1.2 Aim and Objectives

The aim of this research is to investigate the possibility of using quarry fines either as untreated or treated form in the construction of road pavements. In order to achieve the aim, the following objectives have been established;

(i) To determine the properties of quarry fines from limestone quarry and compare these with required properties of pavement materials.

(ii) To investigate how quarry fines may be used in road pavements in untreated and stabilized form.

(iii) To undertake analysis of typical (hypothetical) road using quarry fines of the subbase layer in pavement construction either as a full or partial replacement material.

1.3 Research Outlines

The study will focus on examining the samples from limestone quarry fines to determine its suitability. To achieve this, the properties of quarry fines will be investigated through laboratory tests. The following test will be conducted from each sample of limestone quarry fines examined;(i) Index test : Particle size Distribution (PSD),Optimum moisture content (OMC), Dry density, Liquid Limit and Plastic Limit, (ii) Engineering tests: California Bearing ratio (CBR) and Resilient Modulus (Mr.)The two samples of limestone quarry fines from each selected quarries will be taken for laboratory tests. Each sample will be tested in terms of index tests and strength tests in either untreated or treated. The tests will be conducted according to British Standard. The number of tests to be conducted as presented in the table 1 below; 2 Literature Review2.1 Concept overview

Quarry fines are by-products of crushing rock to make aggregates. The production process of quarry fines consists of blasting, crushing, screening and stockpiling operations. Quarry fines consist of overburden and rock or processed materials which have no economic value and are stored temporarily or permanently at the extraction site. Quarry waste and quarry fines originate in all rock types including sedimentary (sand and gravel, sandstone, limestone and dolomite), igneous (diorite, dolerite, granite and lava) and metamorphic (marble and slate) (Mitchell, 2009). According to BS EN standards quarry fines regarded as the fractions of an aggregate passing 0.063 mm (63 microns),however many quarries refer their fine aggregates finer than 4 mm as quarry fines (Mitchell, 2009). According to Manning (2004), the distribution of quarry fines stockpiles is not uniform across the country; some areas have scarcity than others therefore, regions depend on each other depending on their demands. However, the proportional of fines produced from quarrying rocks increased in response to the changes in the design specifications for road pavements and as consequence of changes in crushing process. Currently, fine aggregates for asphalt construction is defined as a materials finer than 2mm and fines for other uses, including concrete, is material passing the 4mm sieve (Manning, 2004). The quarry fines passing 63microns influences more dust than fines and therefore considered as quarry waste rather than quarry fines.2.2 Production of quarry of fines

According to Mitchell (2009),Quarry fines are produced during the crushing, milling and screening of quarried rock to produce single-size aggregate (ranging from 20 mm to 6 mm) and other products. Crushing of quarried rock is carried out in stages, with the primary crushing stage typically carried out using jaw crushers or gyratory crushers and subsequent (secondary and tertiary) stages by cone or impact crushers. The information about the quantity of quarry fines produced in the UK is not readily available due to commercial sensitivity. However, British Geological Survey study estimate that the annual production of quarry fines is 52.6 million tonnes; this is based on fines production rates of 20% for limestone, and igneous and metamorphic rock, 10% for sand and gravel, and 25% for sandstone (Mitchell,2009). The percentage of fines based on the tonnage of aggregates produced from each rock type. The table 1.1 below shows the estimated amount of fines produced in 2006 into Defra and UKMY quarries in UK.Table 1.1 UK Quarry fine production estimates in 2006 (Mitchell, 2009)Rock TypeProduction

(Mtpa)Mineral Waste1(Mtpa)Quarry Fines2(Mtpa)

Limestone90.010.022.5

Igneous &

Metamorphic54.06.013.5

Sandstone19.02.16.3

Sand & Gravel93.010.310.3

Total25628.452.6

Note 1 = Defra - Waste: Product ratio of 1: 9

Note 2 = UKMY- Fines: Product ratio 1: 9 for Sand + Gravel (