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7/29/2019 Chapter 2 Lecture - Missions of Libraries
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From====Pastto Present=====
The History and Mission of Libraries
Rubin Chapter 2
Week 4
As presented by Andrew RyanSource: http://librarysciencelist.com/how-to-get-a-library-science-degree/
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Centralized Population
This includes smaller locations, like a university
Economic Development
An adequate amount of money and free-time
Political StabilityWar and revolt do not a library make
Source: Harris and Johnson 1984 as quoted by Rubin on page 35
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In order to better understand the currentmissions of libraries, it is helpful to betterunderstand the past. This unit focuses on thedevelopment of libraries in America and theirmissions.
Rubin Page 35
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Early Missions of LibrariesThe invention of writing and rise of commerce around 3000 B.C. can be traced to temples in Sumer,
Mesopotamia (modern Iraq). This lead to the following 9 primary missions of early libraries
1) Maintaining a Records Archive Evidence of early literary pieces, codifications of law, & even schools in Sumerian
temples
Business records, deeds, and collections of hymns and prayers were maintained
First librarians may have been scribes or priests referred to as Masters of the Books
or Keepers of the Tablets
Rubin Pages 35-36
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Early Missions of Libraries
2) Religious & Practical Mission of Egyptian Libraries
Around 2400 B.C., Egyptian temples exhibited the development of early libraries with
records stored on scrolls of papyrus.
Cultural hubs contained information on disease, surgery, and other medical records
Royalty and wealthy individuals had large private collections.
Rubin Page 36 Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ancientlibraryalex.jpg
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3) The Mission of Scholarship and Research Assyrian King Arshurbanipal intended to expand library purposes beyond archiving - to
include current references and help educate future generations
Expanded familys private collection into the greatest library of that time period - The Royal
Library at Nineveh
Large array of texts from Sumer and Babylon
Organized and catalogued for easier retrieval and staffed by a librarian
Greek scholars and aristocrats developed private libraries for political and social gain (Jacob 2002). AsAlexander the Great expanded his reach, the Greek values of reading and learning were also spread.
Rubin Pages 37-38
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Rubin Pages 38-39
3) The Mission of Scholarship and Research(cont.)
When Alexander the Great died, General Ptolemy inherited Egypt (Not bad, eh?)
Planned to collect all Greek literature
Used absurd tactics such as confiscating books from cargo ships and copying them
Founded Alexandrian Museum and Library
Notable librarians were employed, including Callimachus
Archimedes, Galen, and other scholars such as Euclid attended this library
Similar to a modern research institution
Archimedes Source:http://natureofmathematics.files.wordpress.com/2010/05/archimedes.jpg
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4) Missions of Personal Status & Public Use: Roman Libraries Libraries were less common in early ages of Rome
After conquering Greece, generals and aristocrats robbed collections of the Greek libraries, forming
their own personal collections and earning bragging rights
Aristocrats would share materials between their libraries
It became more common during the time ofJulius Caesar to consider literature a public property.
Public libraries began to spring up, but were still mostly used by those with wealth or privilege.
Rubin Pages 39-40
In the 1st century A.D., papyrus scrolls were gradually
replaced with parchment codexes (books) by early
Christians due to their ease in transporting!
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5) Maintaining the Scholarly Mission: Byzantine & Moslem Libraries The Eastern Empire kept libraries alive
Imperial Library in Constantinople held about 100,000 items of Latin, Christian, and Greek origin
Moslem Empire valued learning many private libraries
Large university libraries were present in Baghdad, Cairo, and Cordoba
6) Religious Missions: Monastic Libraries of The Middle Ages Christians isolated from the disorder left by the fall of the Roman Empire
Monasteries responsible for archiving and reproducing religious and sometimes secular texts
Copying books was busy-work for monks, and sometimes punishment; some copies suffer in quality
Rubin Pages 40-42
Ofthe Greek classics known today, at least seventy-five percent are known through Byzantine copies.
(Harris and Johnson, 1984)
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7) The Educational Mission of Libraries: Cathedral & University Libraries of the
Late Middle Ages
~800-1200 A.D. saw the return of educational missions
Cathedral libraries encouraged learning
Bologna, Paris, and Oxford became centers for academic learning, distinct from the religious sites
The University of Paris established the first university library in the 1300s
8) The Humanistic Mission & Reemergence of Library for Personal Status
Decline of the church & increase in interest of secular pursuits of knowledge during Renaissance lead
to an increase in private libraries
Princes and popes sponsored great literary figures like Petrach and Boccaccio in growing
their collections and rescuing manuscripts from deteriorating Monasteries.
Rubin Pages 42-44
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9) Promoting National Pride: The Mission of the National Libraries
Nationalism and secular monarchies lead to National Libraries in England, France, Germany,
Denmark, & Scotland during the 17th Century
This number grew in the 18th and 19th centuries
These libraries aimed to preserve cultural heritage
Depository Right
To obtain enormous libraries, some countries passed laws requiring one copy of each book to be
sent to the National Library.
The Library of Congress in America currently holds this right, but is not the official national library.
Rubin Page 44
Library of Congress, Washington DCSource: http://architecture.about.com/od/usa/ig/Washington-DC/Library-of-Congress.htm
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The invention of the printing press in 1454 madebooks widely available and increased the interest inlearning.
Now possible: Exact copies of books
More titles and copies
Greater breadth of subjects
New techniques for organizing and cataloging collectionsdeveloped
Better educated populace
The Divine Art Roman Church view on printing
Rubin Page 45
Early Printing PressSource: https://peabody.harvard.edu/files/Printing-Press_0.jpg
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Libraries in the USA: 6 New MissionsDuring the early 17th and 18th centuries, there were meager amounts of public libraries, a smattering of
private collections, and fledgling college libraries. America was busy finding its feet. There were not
many published books.
Harvard University library had about 5,000 volumes by the middle of the 1700s.
Parish libraries were common due to Thomas Brays teachings in England that urged the formation
of religious libraries.
Rubin Pages 46-47
Changing Tides The 19th
CenturyBy 1876 there were more than 10,000 libraries
Over eighty types
Ran the gamut from hotel reading rooms to YMCA libraries and historical society libraries. (McMullen 2000)
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1) Mission of Self-Improvement: Social Libraries of the 18th Century
Industrial Revolution economic growth wealth leisure time for libraries
Ben Franklin credited with starting first Social Library Junto in 1728
Special interest libraries, such as mechanical or agriculture spread west
Social Libraries became less popular once public libraries became more prominent
Rubin Pages 47-48
Subscription Libraries
Individuals pay fee to use the books
Materials owned by library
Proprietary Libraries
People pay money (like stockholders)
Materials owned by the collective
2 Types of Social Libraries
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2) Mission of Providing Entertainment: The Circulating Library
Satisfy demand for entertainment through rentals
Mostly fiction works
Romance most popular genre
Majority of work by foreign authors
Contemporary libraries share many similarities
First to provide service to women (!), newspapers, and reading areas indoors
Rubin Pages 48-50
3) Mission of Providing Information: The Rise of Special Libraries
Started early during the Industrial Revolution
Primary purpose direct application of recorded information to the practical goals of profit-seeking
business enterprises (Kruzas 1965, p. 109)
Focus not building a collection, but to provide reference to business
Fostered new technology, such as Microfilm, (1920s) and Special Libraries Association in 1909
Pride and Prejudice
Source:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Pickering_-_Greatbatch_-_Jane_Austen_-_Pride_and_Prejudice_-_She_then_told_him_what_Mr._Darcy_had_voluntarily_done_for_Lydia.jpg
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4) Mission to Support Teaching & Research: The American
Academic Library
4 major occurrences that ushered in this new era:
I) Changes in the Curriculum
Late 19th century saw changes in American education styles from one text to multiple
Libraries became more academically involved and necessary
Move away from recitation as a teaching method to laboratories and lectures
Focus on sciences and practical trades instead of the classics
II) Rise of the Research Model
University of Berlin in Germany pushed faculty to be independent researchers America stole this idea
John Hopkins University adapted this research model fully; Harvard, Cornell, and Columbia followed suit.
Teachers conducing research enriched the existing field of knowledge and made libraries more central
Rubin Pages 50-51
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4) Mission to Support Teaching & Research: The American
Academic Library (cont.)
III) Passage of the Morrill Land Grant Act of 1862
Government provided 30,000 acres land to states to establish universities that promoted
agriculture and mechanical arts
Ohio State and University of Illinois were founded and emphasized applied sciences and
technology
IV) Professional Education for Librarians
American Library Association (ALA) founded in 1876
First library school formed in 1887
More qualified staff members were now available for all library types
Rubin Pages 51-52
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5) Supporting Primary & Secondary Education: The Mission of the
School Library
Public schools appeared second half of 19th century
Most schools provided only elementary education
1890 more than half of states required school attendance
By 1875, twenty states had passed laws to help fund school library book purchases
Money allocated for books was misused on teacher salaries and there was not enough to maintain
the libraries
In 1915 the National Council of Teachers of English (NCTE) conducted a survey that determined
there were major problems with the nations school libraries
Rubin Pages 52-53
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5) Supporting Primary & Secondary Education: The Mission of the
School Library (cont.)
A joint committee by the National Education Association (NEA) and ALA, lead by Charles
Certain, lead studies on the school library system.
Conditions were found to be deficient in a 1920 study on high school libraries and a 1925 study
on elementary schools offerings
The committee created a set of national standards and listed the following recommendations:
1)The centrality of materials of instruction, or curricular support
2) A centralized collection as opposed to smaller libraries in each classroom
3) Library instruction as a librarian duty
4) The library should be an integral aspect of school life
Rubin Page 53
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5) Supporting Primary & Secondary Education: The Mission of the
School Library (cont. still)
It was a slow bake, but school library reform did come thanks to these standards and an educational
reform movement.
Philosopher John Dewey and the progressive educational movement spotlighted these new educational
theories: (Fargo 1930)
1) A childs growth and development should be the central focus of the school. Not subject matter.
2) Education should involve children exploring multiple subjects and experiences.
3) Children learn best when exploring subjects that hold their interest.
4) School should be a social experience that teaches kids how to be self-directed.
Rubin Pages 54
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6) The Mission of Serving the Public: The American Public Library
First major public library Boston Public Library in 1854 Michael Harris in 1973 argued the library was created by elites to control what information was available and
further the elite agenda. Interesting!
Major Characteristics Shared by Public Libraries:
Supported by taxes
Governed by a board
Open to all
Voluntary
Established by state law
Provided services without charge
Rubin Pages 54-59
Source: http://www.newportlibraryri.org/npl/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/Childrens-Room-Library-Clip-Art.jpg
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6) The Mission of Serving the Public: The American Public Library(cont.)
Distaste for Popular Materials?
Concerns that offering lighter fare would lead to bums and loungers
Arguments over whether to include less educational or quality literature in libraries is an ongoing debate
Is this unnecessary elitism?
Rubin Pages 59-61
Andrew Carnegie donated large sums of money to construct 2,000+ library buildings many public
Stipulated the money was for construction not book purchases
Required recipients to contribute 10 percent of whatever he donated to build collections
Ensured collections would reflect local interest and be locally taxed and controlled
Womens Clubs wereestablished post-Civil War and dedicated to self-education and literacy.
Heavily influenced the development of countless libraries in the late 19th and early 20th century.
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6) The Mission of Serving the Public: The American Public Library(cont.)
A Mission of Inclusiveness
Libraries were often used by the white and wealthy
Immigrants came to America in full-force in the 19th and 20th centuries
How should we serve them?
They were often overlooked partially due to racism and partially lack of preparation or knowledge
Various organizations advocated for the importance of knowledge and education to all
Librarians attempted to educate on American values and language (assimilation vs. support) The 20th century saw a stronger focus on being more inclusive and providing services and texts for
minorities
Rubin Pages 61-64
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6) The Mission of Serving the Public: The American Public Library(cont.)
A Mission of Inclusiveness (cont.)
Segregation kept African Americans from many libraries and good services until well into the 20th
century
Around the 1960s, desegregation and integration of African Americans into libraries happened
quicker than with schools
Black activists were more responsible for de-segregation in the south than librarians
Sadly, the ALA and librarians, despite a few heroes, werent very outspoken on the issue (Lets be
better!)
In 1961, the ALA amended its Bill of Rights no individuals should be denied or abridged servic
based on their race, religion, etc.
Various organizations arose to ensure libraries continue to be socially responsible
Rubin Pages 64-68
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Missions of the Future: What May Shape Them?
Attitude Towards the Government Agencies Libraries must prove their importance or funds will be cut
Lack of faith in the government will also lead to less funding
Attitude Towards Education
As faith in public education wanes, so might faith in libraries
Libraries could also be pressured to pick up the slack
Attitude Toward Serving All Segments of Society
Should energy and resources be devoted to bringing new people in?
Or tailored to those who are inclined to use libraries?
Attitude Toward the Importance of Reading
If digital entertainment becomes more important, support may decline
Attitude Toward Literature
Collection and preservation may lose support if popular materials are the main interest of society
Attitude Towards Technology
New technologies alter how information is stored, retrieved, shared, and enjoyed
Rubin Pages 68-70
Largest library in existence from Doctor Who 4x08Source: http://blogs.slj.com/connect-the-pop/2013/05/tv/doctor-who-librarian/
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Libraries must continue to evolve and adapt to thechanging times in order to remain relevant.
Relevancy leads to funding and support, which isessential to success.
While we do not want to lose sight of the original
missions and ideas that libraries were built upon, wealso must continue to offer new ways to help thepopulation find information.
It is our job to ensure the future of our careers.