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Chapter 2
Kinematic Concepts for Analyzing Human
MotionBasic Biomechanics, 6th edition
By Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.
© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin
2-2
What is anatomical reference position?
• erect standing position with all body parts facing forward• considered the starting point for all body segment movements
Basic Biomechanics, 6th editionBy Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.
2-3
posterior: toward the back of the body
Basic Biomechanics, 6th editionBy Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.
Directional terms:
inferior: farther away from the head
anterior: toward the front of the body
superior: closer to the head
medial: toward the midline of the bodylateral: away from the midline of the body
proximal: closer to the trunk
distal: away from the trunk
superficial: toward the surface of the body
deep: inside the body away from the surface
2-4
Reference planes:
• sagittal plane - in which forward and backward movements occur
• frontal plane - in which lateral movements occur
• transverse plane - in which rotational movements occur
Basic Biomechanics, 6th editionBy Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.
2-5
Reference axes:
Basic Biomechanics, 6th editionBy Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.
Longitudinal axis - directed vertically and around which rotational movements occur
Anteroposterior axis – directed along the sagittal plane and around which rotations in the frontal plane occur
Mediolateral axis – directed along the frontal plane and around which rotations in the sagittal plane occur
2-6
Forms of motion:
Linear motion: motion along a line
• Rectilinear motion: (along a straight line)
• Curvilinear motion: (along a curved line)
Basic Biomechanics, 6th editionBy Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.
2-7
Forms of motion:
Angular motion: rotation around an axis
Basic Biomechanics, 6th editionBy Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.
2-8
Forms of motion:
Basic Biomechanics, 6th editionBy Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.
Rectilinear motion
Curvilinear motion
Angular motion
2-9
Forms of motion:
General motion: a combination of linear and angular motion (includes most human motion)
Basic Biomechanics, 6th editionBy Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.
2-10
What is a mechanical system?
• a body or portion of a body that is deliberately chosen by the analyst• examples: throwing arm, kicking leg, the trunk during performance of a lift, the entire body during performance of a maximal vertical jump
Basic Biomechanics, 6th editionBy Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.
2-11
Flexion Extension Hyperextension
Dorsiflexion Plantar flexion
Basic Biomechanics, 6th editionBy Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.
What movements occur in the sagittal plane?
2-12
What movements occur in the frontal plane?
Abduction Adduction
Lateral flexion
Elevation Depression
Radial deviation
Ulnar deviation
Eversion Inversion
Basic Biomechanics, 6th editionBy Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.
2-13
What movements occur in the transverse plane?
Medial rotation
Lateral rotation
Pronation Supination
Horizontal adduction
Horizontal abduction
Basic Biomechanics, 6th editionBy Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.
2-14
Spatial Reference Systems
• useful for standardizing descriptions of human motion• most commonly used is the Cartesian coordinate system• human body joint centers are labeled with numerical x and y coordinates
Basic Biomechanics, 6th editionBy Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.
2-15
Spatial Reference Systems
(0,0)X
Y
(x,y) = (3,7)
Cartesian coordinates of the hip
Basic Biomechanics, 6th editionBy Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.
2-16
Spatial Reference Systems
Coordinates can be both positive and negative.
x
y
(0,0)
x = +y = +
x = -y = +
x = -y = -
x = +y = -
Basic Biomechanics, 6th editionBy Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.
2-17
Qualitative Analysis:
Prerequisite Knowledge
• What is the purpose of the skill?• What are the causes of performance errors? • How can knowledge be gained?
• experience in performing the skill• reading available literature• attending conferences and workshops
Basic Biomechanics, 6th editionBy Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.
2-18
Qualitative Analysis:
Planning
• What is the question to be answered?
• From what perspectives (angle and viewing distance) should the movement be viewed?
• How many observations should be taken?
Basic Biomechanics, 6th editionBy Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.
2-19
Qualitative Analysis:
Planning
• What plans should be made for:
• performer attire
• lighting conditions
• background
• use of video
Basic Biomechanics, 6th editionBy Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.
2-20
Qualitative Analysis:
Conducting the Analysis
IdentifyQuestion/Problem
Make Decisions
Interpret Observations
Viewing Angle
Viewing Distance
Performer Attire
EnvironmentalModifications
Use of Video
Auditory
From Performer
From Other Analysts
CollectObservations
Communicatewith Performer
End Analysis
Visual
Refine Question
Basic Biomechanics, 6th editionBy Susan J. Hall, Ph.D.