13
Chapter 2 Jen Metz

Chapter 2 Jen Metz. How do psychologists research? Psychologists collect information somewhat like most people do in everyday life-only more carefully

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: Chapter 2 Jen Metz. How do psychologists research? Psychologists collect information somewhat like most people do in everyday life-only more carefully

Chapter 2 Jen Metz

Page 2: Chapter 2 Jen Metz. How do psychologists research? Psychologists collect information somewhat like most people do in everyday life-only more carefully

How do psychologists research?

Psychologists collect information somewhat like most people do in everyday life-only more carefully and more systematically.1. Researchers begin a study by asking a specific

question about a limited topic or hypothesis2. Look for evidence- method depends on research

topic3. Pick a sample

A. Representative 1. Random sample 2. Stratified sample

B. Nonrepresentative

Page 3: Chapter 2 Jen Metz. How do psychologists research? Psychologists collect information somewhat like most people do in everyday life-only more carefully

Methods of Research1) naturalistic observation- how do people act

when they know their not being observed? Must avoid disturbing the people or animals-could observe a performance produced by researcher’s presence.

2) case studies-intensive study of a person or group. Jean Piaget. Does not prove or disprove anything-results can not be generalized

Page 4: Chapter 2 Jen Metz. How do psychologists research? Psychologists collect information somewhat like most people do in everyday life-only more carefully

Methods of Research continued…

3) surveys-gather data in large groups-use questionnaires or interviews

4) longitudinal studies- a psychologist studies that same group of people at regular intervals over a period of years.

5) cross-sectional studies-organize groups based on age. Less expensive than longitudinal surveys.

Page 5: Chapter 2 Jen Metz. How do psychologists research? Psychologists collect information somewhat like most people do in everyday life-only more carefully

Methods of Research continued…

6) Experiments- allow researchers to control situation and to decrease the possibility that unnoticed, outside variables will influence the results.

Page 6: Chapter 2 Jen Metz. How do psychologists research? Psychologists collect information somewhat like most people do in everyday life-only more carefully

1) hypothesis

2) determine variables-independent or dependent

3) experiment testing- experimental or control group

4) measure behavior or experimental and control group

5) compare measurements

6) draw conclusion

Page 7: Chapter 2 Jen Metz. How do psychologists research? Psychologists collect information somewhat like most people do in everyday life-only more carefully

Section 2 What is the self-fulfilling prophecy?

Having expectations about a behavior and then acting in some way, usually unknowingly, to carry out that behavior.

Psychologists must try not to unwittingly influence results- nod, raise of eyebrowSingle blind experimentDouble blind experiment

Milgram experiment

Placebo effect

Page 8: Chapter 2 Jen Metz. How do psychologists research? Psychologists collect information somewhat like most people do in everyday life-only more carefully

Section 3

Statistics- a branch of mathematics that

enables researchers to organize and evaluate

the data they collect.Use descriptive statistics to list and summarize

data in a practical and efficient way- use graphsFrequency Distribution

Page 9: Chapter 2 Jen Metz. How do psychologists research? Psychologists collect information somewhat like most people do in everyday life-only more carefully

CorrelationsExamine relationship between two sets of

observations

Positive Negative

Page 10: Chapter 2 Jen Metz. How do psychologists research? Psychologists collect information somewhat like most people do in everyday life-only more carefully

Frequency Polygon/Curve

Page 11: Chapter 2 Jen Metz. How do psychologists research? Psychologists collect information somewhat like most people do in everyday life-only more carefully

Normal/Bell Curve

Page 12: Chapter 2 Jen Metz. How do psychologists research? Psychologists collect information somewhat like most people do in everyday life-only more carefully

How do you summarize your findings?

Use Measure of Central Tendency- describes something about the average score of a distributionMode- most common scoreMedian- middle scoreMean- average

Page 13: Chapter 2 Jen Metz. How do psychologists research? Psychologists collect information somewhat like most people do in everyday life-only more carefully

Distributions can be spread out- Measures of Variability- provide an index of how spread out they are.

1) Range- subtract the lowest score in the data set from the highest score and add one.

2) standard deviation- better measure of variability because it uses all the data points in its calculation. Deviation is an average distance of every score to the mean of the scores. Scores above the mean are a positive deviation, scores below the mean are a negative deviation.

Deviations are large is scores are spread out. If the distribution of scores are bunched up- deviations tend to be small.