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8/16/2019 Chapter 2- How to Do Experiments
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HOW TO DO EXPERIMENTS
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Psychology as a Science
Nature Of Scientic Research
• EmpiricalAll scientifc explanations mst !e !ase" onexpe#iments an" o!se#$ation
•
Rigorous%ase" on goo" theo#etical !ase an" son"metho"ology
• Replicable
Same st"y can !e #e&teste" in "i'e#ent con"ition
• Objective
(onclsion "e#i$e" )#om "ata %*T not pe#sonal opinion
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Psychology as a Science
Objective Of Scientic Research
•
DescribeDesc#i!e a sitation o# phenomenon o!+ecti$ely
• Explain
In$estigate sch sitation !ase" on "esc#iption an" p#o$i"eexplanation
• Predict
%ase" on #esea#ch explanation, a!le to p#e"ict a li-ely
otcome
• Control
%eing a!le to cont#ol an" maniplate sitation !ase" onconf#me" p#e"iction
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.a#ia!les
hat is variables!
A $a#ia!le is something that can !echange", sch as a cha#acte#istic o# $ale/
.a#ia!les a#e gene#ally se" in psychologyexpe#iments to "ete#mine i) changes to onething #eslt in changes to anothe#/
X 0
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.a#ia!les
Any cha#acte#istic that can assme mltiple
$ales o# can $a#y in pa#ticipants/
A $a#ia!le is any )acto# that can !econt#olle" o# change" in an expe#iment/
Tempe#at#e
col"
Room
tempe#at#e
hot
Emotions
Sa"
Happy
Ang#y
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.a#ia!les
"o# man$ t$pe ofvariables!
In"epen"ent .a#ia!le 1I.2
Depen"ent .a#ia!le 1D.2
Ext#aneos .a#ia!le
(on)on"ing .a#ia!le
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.a#ia!les
%ndependent &ariable '%&()
Defnition3 a ci#cmstance ha$ing 4 o#mo#e le$els maniplate" !y theexpe#imente# so that e'ects on the
"epen"ent $a#ia!le can !e o!se#$e"/
The c#ite#ia )o# I.3
maniplation o) $a#ia!le
cont#ol $a#ia!les
#an"om $a#ia!les
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In"epen"ent .a#ia!le
I. Tempe#at#e
col"
Roomtempe#at#e
hot
D.Emotions
Ang#y
Positi$e Negati$e
Wo##y
Sa"
Happy
Exciting
(alm
Maniplation o) $a#ia!les
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In"epen"ent .a#ia!le
I. Tempe#at#e
col"
Roomtempe#at#e
hot
(ont#ol $a#ia!les
(ont#ol3Only 5 le$els a#e
!eingmaniplate"/
Hot tempe#at#e154(62/
(on"ition o) thepa#ticipants!e)o#e
pa#ticipating theexpe#iment/
inst#ctionsgi$en/ inst#ment se"/
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In"epen"ent .a#ia!le
I. Tempe#at#e
col"
Roomtempe#at#e
hot
Ran"om $a#ia!les
Ran"om3Not all the
$a#ia!les can !econt#olle" !y theexpe#imente#/
example3&in"i$i"al"i'e#encesamong thepa#ticipants/
Soltion3& sing
#an"omselection7#an"omassignment8he#e
pa#ticipants ha$ee al chances to
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.a#ia!les
Dependent &ariable 'D&()
Defnition3 The !eha$io# the expe#imente#chooses to meas#e: this !eha$io# may"epen"ent pon the le$els o) the I./
Impo#tant concepts o# ;ey8o#"s )o# D.3
O!se#$e"
Meas#e"(onstant
E'ect
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Depen"ent .a#ia!le
I. Tempe#at#e
D.Emotions
Ang#y
Positi$e Negati$e
Wo##y
Sa"
Happy
Exciting
(alm
Expe#imente# can3 O!se#$e the emotions/ Meas#e the emotions/ The emotions sho8n !y the
pa#ticipants a#e constant/ *n"e#stan" the changes o)
emotions is the e'ect o)"i'e#ent tempe#at#es/
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.a#ia!les
Extraneous &ariable)
• Defnition3 Any $a#ia!les othe# than the I. an" D./ .a#ia!les
that the #esea#che#s !elie$es a'ect D./
• T8o types o) ext#aneos $a#ia!les a#e3
• Participant &ariable*Relate" to in"i$i"al cha#acte#istics o) pa#ticipant that mayimpact ho8 they #espon"/ These )acto#s can incl"ecapa!ility, "esi#e, intelligence o# othe# cha#acte#istics thata#e ni9e to each pe#son/
• Situational &ariables*
These ext#aneos $a#ia!les a#e #elate" to things in theen$i#onment that may impact ho8 each pa#ticipant#espon"s, sch as time o) the "ay, con"ition o) la!o#ato#y/
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.a#ia!les
Confounding &ariable)
• Defnition3 An ext#aneos $a#ia!le8hose p#esence a'ects the$a#ia!les !eing st"ie" so thatthe #eslts yo get "o not #e
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(on)on"ing .a#ia!le
I. Tempe#at#e
D.Emotions
Ext#aneos $a#ia!le3Pa#ticipant $a#ia!les
%o"y>stempe#at#e
Pa#ticipant>sexpe#ience
?acility at
the la!
Ext#aneos $a#ia!le3Sitational $a#ia!les
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Th#eats to Inte#nal .ali"ity
The con)on"ing $a#ia!les a#e th#eatening
to the inte#nal $ali"ity o) expe#iments/
Inte#nal $ali"ity means it is ce#tain that it
8as the maniplation o) the I. thatcase" the change in the D./
To a$oi" con)on"ing $a#ia!les in theexpe#iments, 8e nee" to n"e#stan" the$a#ios possi!le th#eats to inte#nal$ali"ity/
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Th#eats to Inte#nal .ali"ity
The#e a#e @ th#eats to inte#nal
$ali"ity3/ Histo#y
4/ Mat#ation
5/ Selection
B/ Mo#tality
C/ Testing/ Statistical #eg#ession
@/ Inte#actions 8ith selection
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Th#eats to Inte#nal .ali"ity
The#e a#e @ th#eats to inte#nal $ali"ity3
+* "istor$A change in the D. "e to the occ##ence o) ane$ent !et8een the testing o) le$els o) the I./
Example3
To see the e'ecti$eness o) online teaching inimp#o$ing g#a"es 8ithin 4 semeste# t#ials/
Histo#y th#eats3•. st"ents may engage in othe# )o#m o) online
acti$ities othe# than in la!/
•. *ni$e#sity has impose" that online lea#ning is
complso#y to !e ta-en/
Metho"s o)teaching
St"ents>g#a"es
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Th#eats to Inte#nal .ali"ity
,* -aturation
A change in the D. "e to pa#ticipants> agingo# !ecoming mo#e expe#ience" !et8een thea"minist#ation o) le$els o) the I./
Mat#ation can !e a p#o!lem in long&te#mexpe#iments o# 8hen pa#ticipants a#en"e#going #api" change/
Example3 Expe#iment sing chil"#en aspa#ticipants/ The#e is a hge gap inpsychomoto# a!ilities !et8een to""le#s age"4 an" 5 yea#s ol" 1 yea#2
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Th#eats to Inte#nal .ali"ity
.* Selection
A change in the D. "e to expe#imente#scannot assign pa#ticipants #an"omlyexpose" to "i'e#ent le$els o) the I./
Example3
Metho"s o)teaching
St"ents>g#a"es
Onlineteaching
(lass&!ase"teaching
Ma-ing s#e that pa#ticipantsa#e #an"omly "ist#i!te"!et8een 4 le$els in te#ms o)3Intelligence le$elsS-ills le$els
Demog#aphical $a#ia!les
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Th#eats to Inte#nal .ali"ity
/* Statistical regression
This te#m #e)e#s to the )act that 8henexpe#imente#s choose pa#ticipants on the!asis o) thei# ha$ing sco#e" $e#y high o# $e#ylo8 on a pa#ticla# test, thei# sco#es ten" to
mo$e to8a#" the mean on a secon" test/
Example3 In o#"e# to examine thee'ecti$eness o) ce#tain e"cational
p#og#am, the expe#imente# ten" to chooseonly st"ents 8ho ha$e lo8e# o) I sco#e to!e the pa#ticipants/
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Th#eats to Inte#nal .ali"ity
0* 1esting
A change in the D. "e to pa#ticipants> p#io#expos#e to the testing inst#ment o#sitation/
Testing can !e a th#eat to inte#nal $ali"ity
8hen the expe#imente# sensitiFing thesitation in the p#etest/
Example3 In examine the e'ecti$eness o)GTa- Na- a"$e#tising campaign on the
a8a#eness o) the p!lic, the expe#imente#"esign the p#etest an" postest expe#iment/
P#etest PosttestSho8ing GTa-Na-a"$e#tisement
As-ing 9estionsa!ot $a#iossmo-ing campaign
Testing th#eat A p#etest can also p#o$i"ein)o#mation ths inc#easingthe pa#ticipant>s -no8le"geo) a topic so that sco#es onthe posttest 8ill !e highe#/
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Th#eats to Inte#nal .ali"ity
2* -ortalit$
Pa#ticipants "#opping ot o) an expe#iment/Di'e#ential mo#tality is a th#eat to inte#nal$ali"ity 8hen mo#e o# "i'e#ent -in"s o)pa#ticipants "#op ot o) the g#ops assigne"
to $a#ios le$els o) the I./Example3 to test the e'ecti$eness o) st#ess&inoclate p#og#am on nm!e# o) complaintsamong manage#s/
#op 3manage#sexpose tost#ess&inoclatep#og#am
#op 43manage#s8ithot thep#og#am
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Th#eats to Inte#nal .ali"ity
3* %nteractions #ith selection
A th#eat to inte#nal $ali"ity case" !y$ali"ity th#eat sch as mat#ation an"histo#y inte#acting 8ith the th#eat o)selection/
In othe# 8o#"s, inte#actions 8ith selection isa com!ination o) inte#action o) 5 -in"s o)th#eats: mat#ation, histo#y an" selection/
Example o) the case 3 please #e)e# to thepage o) 5@/