Chapter 2 Hazardous Materials Identification

Student Notes Hazardous Materials Identification 2-1

Chapter 2 Hazardous Materials Identification

Lesson Goal

After completing this lesson, the student shall be able to use the seven clues to identify various hazardous materials.

Objectives

Upon successful completion of this lesson, the student shall be able to:

1. Identify the seven clues to the presence of hazardous materials. [NFPA® 472, 4.2.1(7)(a-f), 4.2.2, 4.2.2(1), 5.2.1.1]

2. Discuss the occupancy types, locations, and pre-incident surveys that may indicate hazardous materials. [NFPA® 472, 4.2.1(5), 4.2.1(13)]

3. Describe the container shapes that may contain hazardous materials. [NFPA® 472, 4.2.1(6), 5.2.1.1.1(1-3), 5.2.1.1.2(1-2), 5.2.1.1.2(3)(a-b), 5.2.1.1.3(1-7), 5.2.1.1.4(1-3), 5.2.1.1.5(1-5), 5.2.1.1.6(1-5)]

4. Identify placards, labels, and markings that designate the presence of hazardous materials. [NFPA® 472, 4.2.1(2-3), 4.2.1(7)(a), 4.2.1(9), 4.2.2(2), 5.2.1.2, 5.2.1.2.1(1-3), 5.2.1.3.3, 5.2.2(1)]

5. Describe the other markings and colors that may indicate the presence of hazardous materials. [NFPA® 472, 4.2.1(7)(f), 4.2.1(8), 5.2.1.2, 5.2.1.2.2, 5.2.1.3.1(1-3), 5.2.1.3.2(1-6)]

6. Explain the written resources available to indicate the presence of hazardous materials. [NFPA® 472, 4.2.1(10)(a-g), 4.2.2(3), 5.2.1.5, 5.2.2(2), 5.2.2(3)(a-j), 5.2.2(5)]

7. Discuss the limitations of using the senses to determine the presence or absence of hazardous materials. [NFPA® 472, 4.2.1(11), 4.2.1(12), 5.2.2(3)(d)]

8. Discuss monitoring and detection devices. [NFPA® 472, 5.2.4(3), 5.2.4(4)]

9. Analyze scenarios to detect the presence of hazardous materials. [Learning Activity 2-1; NFPA® 472, 4.2.1, 5.2.1]

10. Interpret representative shipping papers. [Learning Activity 2-2; NFPA® 472, 4.2.1(10)]

11. Interpret a safety data sheet (SDS). [Learning Activity 2-3; NFPA® 472, 4.2.1(10)]

12. Explain how to identify terrorist attacks and illicit laboratories. [NFPA® 472, 4.2.1(14-20), 5.2.1.6, 5.3.1(4)]

Time Section/Activity Outline Pages

Text Pages

Section I: Introduction to Chapter 2

Section II: Clue 1 – Occupancy Types, Locations, and Pre-Incident Surveys

2-8 – 2-17 65-71

Section III: Clue 2 – Container Shapes 2-18 – 2-35 71-105


Section IV: Clue 3 – Transportation Placards, Labels, and Markings

2-36 – 2-46 106-132

Section V: Clue 4 – Other Markings and Colors 2-47 – 2-57 132-144

Section VI: Clue 5 – Written Resources 2-58 – 2-63 144-150

Section VII: Clue 6 – Senses 2-63 – 2-68 150-152

Section VIII: Clue 7 – Monitoring and Detection Devices

2-69 162

Section IX: Learning Activities 2-70 – 2-71

Section X: Identification of Terrorist Attacks and Illicit Laboratories

2-72 – 2-83 153-162

Section XI: Summary and Review

Chapter 2 Quiz & Test

Section I: Introduction to Chapter 2

I. INTRODUCTION TO CHAPTER 2

A. Lesson Goal

1. Chapter 2 lesson goal — After completing this lesson, the student shall be able to use the seven clues to identify various hazardous materials.

B. Objectives

1. Identify the seven clues to the presence of hazardous materials.

2. Discuss the occupancy types, locations, and pre-incident surveys that may indicate hazardous materials.

3. Describe the container shapes that may contain hazardous materials.

4. Identify placards, labels, and markings that designate the presence of hazardous materials.

5. Describe the other markings and colors that may indicate the presence of hazardous materials.

6. Explain the written resources available to indicate the presence of hazardous materials.


7. Discuss the limitations of using the senses to determine the presence or absence of hazardous materials.

8. Discuss monitoring and detection devices.

9. Analyze scenarios to detect the presence of hazardous materials. [Learning Activity 2-1]

10. Interpret representative shipping papers. [Learning Activity 2-2]

11. Interpret a safety data sheet (SDS). [Learning Activity 2-3]

12. Explain how to identify terrorist attacks and illicit laboratories.

p. 64 Objective 1 — Identify the seven clues to the presence of hazardous materials.

A. Clue 1 — Occupancy Types, Locations, and Pre-Incident Surveys

B. Clue 2 — Container Shapes

C. Clue 3 — Transportation Placards, Labels, and Markings

D. Clue 4 — Other Markings and Colors (Non-Transportation)

E. Clue 5 — Written Resources

F. Clue 6 — Senses

G. Clue 7 — Monitoring and Detection Devices

Section II: Clue 1 – Occupancy Types, Locations, and Pre-Incident Surveys

II. CLUE 1 – OCCUPANCY TYPES, LOCATIONS, AND PRE-INCIDENT SURVEYS

pp. 65-71 Objective 2 — Discuss the occupancy types, locations, and pre-incident surveys that may indicate hazardous materials.

A. Pre-Incident Surveys

1. Can reduce the number of on-site decisions for first responders

2. Reduce oversights, confusion, and duplication of effort

3. Identify the following items:

a. Exposures

Ask Students: What are exposures?

Briefly discuss answers with students. Explain that exposures can include people, property, and the environment.


b. Types, quantities, and locations of hazardous materials in the area

c. Dangers of the hazardous materials

d. Building features

e. Site characteristics

f. Possible access/egress difficulties

g. Inherent limitations of the responding organizations to control certain types of haz mat emergencies

h. Twenty-four-hour telephone numbers of responsible parties and site experts

4. Ongoing process that includes review and updates

5. Not always accurate; compliance with reporting rules cannot be guaranteed

B. Occupancies — Certain Occupancies are Highly Probable Locations

Ask Students: What are some occupancies that are highly probable locations for hazardous materials storage?

Briefly discuss the answers below with students. Discuss which occupancies are located within the students’ jurisdictions.

1. Fuel storage facilities

2. Gas/service stations

3. Paint supply stores

4. Plant nurseries, garden centers, and agricultural facilities

5. Pest control and lawn care companies

6. Medical facilities

7. Photo processing laboratories

8. Dry cleaners

9. Plastics and high-technology factories

10. Metal-plating businesses

11. Mercantile concerns

12. Chemistry laboratories in educational facilities


13. Lumberyards

14. Feed/farm stores

15. Veterinary clinics

16. Print shops

17. Warehouses

18. Industrial and utility plants

19. Port shipping facilities

20. Treatment storage disposal (TSD) facilities

21. Abandoned facilities that may have contained or used hazardous materials

C. Locations

1. Roadways

a. Designated truck routes

b. Blind intersections

c. Poorly marked or poorly engineered interchanges

d. Areas frequently congested by traffic

e. Heavily traveled roads

f. Sharp turns

g. Steep grades

h. Highway interchanges and ramps

i. Bridges and tunnels

2. Railways

a. Depots, terminals, and switch or classification yards

b. Sections of poorly laid or poorly maintained tracks

c. Steep grades and severe curves

d. Shunts and sidings

e. Uncontrolled crossings


f. Loading and unloading facilities

g. Bridges, trestles, and tunnels

3. Waterways

a. Difficult passages at bends or other threats to navigation

b. Bridges and other crossings

c. Piers and docks

d. Shallow areas

e. Locks

f. Loading/unloading stations

4. Airways

a. Fueling ramps

b. Repair and maintenance hangars

c. Freight terminals

d. Crop duster planes and supplies

5. Pipelines

a. Exposed crossings over waterways or roads

b. Pumping stations

c. Construction and demolition sites

d. Intermediate or final storage facilities

6. Water level in rivers and tidal areas

a. Many accidents occur because flow volume and tidal conditions were not considered

b. Occupancies in low-lying areas that may be affected by flood conditions must have a contingency plan to isolate and protect hazardous materials

c. Tidal and flow conditions are constantly changing

d. Once a material reaches an outside water source, it becomes a moving incident and is extremely difficult to contain, confine, and mitigate


D. Terrorist Targets

1. First responders must be able to identify locations where a targeted attack has the potential to do the greatest harm and predict the consequences of such an attack

2. Harm should be defined in terms of the following concerns:

a. Killing or injuring persons

b. Causing panic and/or disruption

c. Damaging the economy

d. Destroying property

e. Demoralizing the community

Ask Students: What are some specific locations that may be terrorist targets?

Briefly discuss the answers below with students.

3. Potential terrorist targets

a. Mass transportation

i. Airports

ii. Ferry terminals and buildings

iii. Maritime port facilities

iv. Planes

v. Subways

vi. Buses

vii. Commuter trains

viii. Mass transit stations

b. Critical infrastructure

i. Dams

ii. Water treatment facilities

iii. Power plants


iv. Electrical substations

v. Nuclear power plants

vi. Trans-oceanic cable landings

vii. Telecommunication switch centers

viii. Financial institutions

ix. Rail and road bridges

x. Tunnels

xi. Levees

xii. Liquefied natural gas (LNG) terminals

xiii. Natural gas (NG) compressor stations

xiv. Petroleum pumping stations

xv. Petroleum storage tank farms

c. Areas of public assembly and recreation

i. Convention centers

ii. Hotels

iii. Casinos

iv. Shopping malls

v. Stadiums

vi. Theme parks

d. High profile buildings and locations

i. Monuments

ii. Buildings/structures of historic or national significance

iii. High-rise buildings

e. Industrial sites

i. Chemical manufacturing facilities

ii. Shipping facilities


iii. Warehouses

f. Educational sites

i. Colleges

ii. Universities

iii. Community colleges

iv. Vocational/training facilities

v. Primary and secondary schools

g. Medical and science facilities

i. Hospitals

ii. Clinics

iii. Nuclear research labs

iv. Other research facilities

v. Non-power nuclear reactors

vi. National health stockpile sites

Section III: Clue 2 – Container Shapes

III. CLUE 2 – CONTAINER SHAPES

pp. 71-105 Objective 3 — Describe the container shapes that may contain hazardous materials.

A. Categories of Containers

1. Bulk and nonbulk – Refers to capacity as defined by the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) and Transport Canada (TC)

2. Pressure and nonpressure – Refers to the design of the container based on the internal pressure

3. Bulk-capacity fixed-facility containment systems and transportation packaging – Refers to the facility or mode

Ask Students: What is bulk packaging?

Briefly discuss answers with students. Explain that bulk packaging refers to a packaging, other than that on a vessel (ship) or barge, in which materials are loaded with no intermediate form of containment.


To be considered bulk packaging, one of the following criteria must be met:

● Maximum capacity is greater than 119 gallons (450 L) as a receptacle for a liquid

● Maximum net mass is greater than 882 pounds (400 kg) or maximum capacity is greater than 119 gallons (450 L) as a receptacle for a solid

● Water capacity is 1,001 pounds (454 kg) or greater as a receptacle for a gas

Ask Students: What is nonbulk packaging?

Briefly discuss answers with students. Explain that nonbulk packaging is packaging that is smaller than the minimum criteria established for bulk packaging.

B. Bulk-Capacity Fixed-Facility Containers

1. Containers at fixed facilities include:

a. Buildings

b. Aboveground storage tanks

i. Nonpressure tanks

ii. Pressure tanks

c. Machinery

d. Underground storage tanks

e. Pipelines

f. Reactors

g. Open piles or bins

h. Vats

i. Storage cabinets

j. Other fixed, on-site containers

2. Nonpressure/atmospheric storage tanks

a. Hold contents under little pressure


b. Maximum pressure – 0.5 psi (3.45 kPa) {1.03 bar}

c. Common types – Horizontal tanks, ordinary cone roof tanks, floating roof tanks, lifter roof tanks, and vapordome roof tanks

3. Pressure storage tanks

a. Hold contents under pressure

b. Low-pressure storage tanks – Operating pressures from 0.5 to 15 psi (3.45 kPa to 103 kPa) {0.03 bar to 1.03 bar}

c. Pressure vessels – Pressures of 15+ psi (103 kPa) {1.03 bar} or greater

C. Bulk Transportation Containers

1. Railroad cars

a. Low-pressure tank car

i. Transport hazardous and nonhazardous materials with vapor pressures below 25 psi (172 kPa) {1.7 bar} at 105° to 115°F (41°C to 46°C)

ii. Transport a variety of hazardous and nonhazardous materials

Ask Students: What types of hazardous materials are transported in low-pressure tank cars?

Briefly discuss answers with students. Explain that flammable liquids, flammable solids, reactive liquids, reactive solids, oxidizers, organic peroxides, poisons, irritants, and corrosive materials may be shipped in low-pressure tank cars.

iii. Cylindrical with rounded ends

iv. Have at least one manway for access to interior

v. Fittings are visible at top and/or bottom of car

vi. New DOT 111 may enclose fittings inside protective housing

vii. Identification – If single protective housing is present at top of car, verify if it is high-pressure tank car or DOT 111 tank car by identifying the DOT specifications stenciled on the right-hand side of the car

viii. May be compartmentalized with up to six compartments

b. Pressure tank car


i. Typically transport hazardous materials such as flammable, nonflammable, and poisonous gases at pressures greater than 25 psi (172 kPa) {1.7 bar} at 68°F (20°C)

ii. May also carry flammable liquids

iii. Capacities range from 4,000 to 45,000 gallons (15 142 L to 170 343 L)

iv. Cylindrical, noncompartmentalized metal tanks with rounded ends

v. Typically have all fittings out of sight under single protective housing on top of tank

vi. Newer tanks designed with greater accident protection

vii. May be insulated and/or thermally protected; those without will have at least top two-thirds painted white

c. Cryogenic liquid tank car

i. Carry low-pressure (below 25 psi [172 kPa] {1.7 bar} refrigerated liquids (-130 F and below [-90 C and below])

ii. Carry argon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen; may carry liquefied natural gas (LNG) and ethylene

iii. Fittings are in ground-level cabinets on sides or end of car

iv. Tank-within-a-tank; stainless steel inner tank supported within strong outer tank

v. Space between inner and outer tanks filled with insulation and under vacuum

vi. Protects contents from ambient temperatures for 30 days

d. Other railroad cars

i. Covered hopper cars – Carry dry bulk materials

ii. Uncovered (or open top) hopper cars – Carry coal, sand, gravel, rocks

iii. Pneumatically unloaded hopper cars – Unloaded by air pressure; carry dry bulk loads

iv. Miscellaneous cars – Boxcars and gondolas

2. Cargo tanks

a. Highway vehicles that transport hazardous materials


b. Have construction features, fittings, attachments, or shapes characteristic of uses

c. Most designed to meet government tank-safety specifications

i. MC (motor carrier) standards

ii. DOT standards

iii. Designated using MC or DOT/TC initials followed by three-digit number identifying specification

d. Those not meeting MC or DOT/TC specifications are called nonspec tanks

i. Haul hazardous materials if tank designed for specific purpose and exempted from DOT/TC requirements

ii. May haul nonhazardous materials

3. Intermodal containers

a. Freight container used interchangeably in multiple modes of transport

b. Freight containers

i. Transport wide range of products

ii. Come in variety of types and sizes

iii. Dry van intermodal containers

iv. Refrigerated intermodal containers

v. Open top intermodal containers

vi. Flat intermodal containers of various sorts

c. Tank containers

i. Also called intermodal tanks

ii. Low-pressure intermodal tanks

iii. Pressure intermodal tanks

iv. Specialized intermodal tanks

d. Some may contain hazardous materials; others may contain mixed loads

Ask Students: How can you tell if a freight container contains hazardous materials?


Briefly discuss answers with students. Explain that the shape of the container alone will not tell first responders if it contains hazardous materials. Identification will have to be made from markings or shipping papers.

CAUTION: Intermodal freight containers contain virtually anything, including extremely hazardous materials which may not be properly identified!

e. Generally have cylinder enclosed at both ends

f. Placed in frames for protection and to provide for stacking, lifting, and securing

g. Capacities ordinarily do not exceed 6,340 gallons (24 000 L)

h. Low-pressure intermodal tank

i. Most common intermodal tank

ii. May have pressures as high as 100 psi (689 kPa) {6.9 bar}

iii. IM 101 portable tanks

(a) Built to withstand working pressure of 25.4 to 100 psi (175 kPa to 689 kPa) {1.75 bar to 6.9 bar}

(b) Transport both hazardous and nonhazardous materials

iv. IM 102 portable tanks

(a) Designed to handle maximum allowable working pressures of 14.5 to 25.4 psi (169 kPa to 175 kPa {1.69 bar to 1.75 bar}

(b) Being removed from service

(c) Transport materials with flash points between 32° and 140°F (0°C to 60°C)

(d) Most commonly transport nonregulated materials

i. Pressure intermodal tank

i. Designed for working pressures of 100 to 500 psi (689 kPa to 3 447 kPa) {6.9 to 34.5 bar}

ii. Usually transports liquefied gases under pressure


j. Specialized intermodal tank or container

i. Cryogenic liquid tank containers

ii. Tube module containers

iii. Dry bulk intermodal containers

4. Vessel cargo carriers

a. Tanker

i. Petroleum carrier

(a) Transport crude or finished petroleum products

(b) Range in size from 200-foot (61 m), 15,000-barrel coastal tankers of 2,000 deadweight tons to 1,200-foot (366 m), 3,680,000-barrel ultra-large crude carriers of 480,000 deadweight tons

(c) Required to maintain emergency response plans

ii. Chemical carrier

(a) Transport multiple commodities

(b) Have multiple tanks

(c) Not required to carry placards

iii. Liquefied flammable gas carriers

(a) Transport liquefied natural gas (LNG) and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)

(b) Some configurations look similar to ordinary tankers

(c) Identified by large number of pressure vessels

b. Cargo vessel

i. Typically 500 to 900 feet (152 m to 274 m) in length, 50 to 130 feet (15 m to 40 m) in beam, and have hold depths from 40 to 60 feet (12 m to 18 m)

ii. Bulk carrier — Can carry liquid or dry bulk

iii. Break bulk carrier — Large holds to accommodate wide range of products


iv. Container vessel — Measures 8 feet (2.4 m) wide with varying heights and lengths; may transport intermodal tanks

v. Roll-on/roll-off vessel — Large stern and side ramp structures to allow vehicles to be driven on and off

c. Barge

i. Box-shaped, flat-decked vessels used for transporting cargo

ii. Moved by towing or pushing vessels

5. Unit loading devices

a. Containers and aircraft pallets used to consolidate air cargo into a single, transportable units

b. Designed and shaped to fit into various decks and compartments of airplanes

c. May ship hazardous materials

6. Intermediate bulk containers

a. U.S. DOT – Rigid or flexible portable packaging designed for mechanical handling

b. Design standards based on United Nations Recommendations on the Transportation of Dangerous Goods (UN Recommendations)

i. Maximum capacity not more than three cubic meters (3,000 L, 793 gal, or 105 ft3)

ii. Minimum capacity not less than 0.45 cubic meters (450 L, 119 gal, or 15.9 ft3) or a maximum net mass of not less than 400 kilograms (882 lbs)

c. Authorized to transport wide variety of materials and hazard classes

d. Flexible intermediate bulk containers (FIBCs)

i. Flexible, collapsible bags or sacks used to carry both solid materials and fluids

ii. Designs vary depending on products carried

e. Rigid intermediate bulk containers (RIBCs)

i. Typically made of steel, aluminum, wood, fiberboard, or plastic


ii. Often designed to be stacked

iii. Can contain both solid materials and liquids

iv. May have capacities up to 400 gallons (1 514 L) and pressures up to 100 psi (689 kPa) {6.9 bar}

7. Ton containers

a. Tanks that have capacities of 1 short ton or approximately 2,000 pounds (907 kg or 0.9 tonne)

b. Typically stored on sides

c. Ends are convex or concave and have two valves in the center of one end

i. One connects to tube going into liquid space

ii. Other connects to tube going into vapor space above

d. Have pressure-relief devices

e. Leaks require special equipment to patch

CAUTION: Structural fire-fighting gear does not provide adequate protection against the hazardous materials commonly stored in ton containers.

Review Question: What are the criteria for bulk packaging? See page 72 of the manual for answers.

D. Nonbulk Packaging

1. Containers used to transport smaller quantities of hazardous materials than bulk or IBCs

2. Types of containers

a. Bags

b. Carboys and jerry cans

c. Cylinders

d. Drums

e. Deward flasks

E. Containers for Radioactive Materials


1. Excepted

a. Used for materials that have very limited radioactivity and that present no risk to public or environment

b. Not marked or labeled

c. Includes empty packaging

d. Exempt from several labeling and documentation requirements

2. Industrial

a. Retains and protects contents during normal transportation activities

b. Includes materials that present limited hazard to the public and the environment

c. Not identified as such on packages or shipping papers

3. Type A

a. Must demonstrate ability to withstand series of tests without releasing contents

b. Will be identified on package and shipping papers

c. Must protect contents and maintain sufficient shielding under conditions normally encountered during transportation

d. Ship radioactive materials with relatively high specific activity levels

4. Type B

a. Must demonstrate ability to withstand tests simulating normal shipping conditions

b. Must withstand severe accident conditions without releasing contents

c. Identified on package and shipping papers

d. Sizes range from small containers to those weighing over 100 tons (102 tonnes)

e. Provide shielding against radiation

f. Ship radioactive materials that exceed the limits of Type A package requirements

5. Type C


a. Very rare packaging used for high-activity materials transported by aircraft

b. Designed to withstand severe accident conditions associated with air transport without loss of containment or significant increase in external radiation levels

c. Significantly more stringent than Type B packages

Section IV: Clue 3 – Transportation Placards, Labels, and Markings

IV. CLUE 3 – TRANSPORATION PLACARDS, LABELS, AND MARKINGS

pp. 106-132 Objective 4 — Identify placards, labels, and markings that designate the presence of hazardous materials.

A. UN Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods

1. Adopted by U.S., Canada, and Mexico

2. Provides uniform basis for development of harmonized regulations for all modes of transport

3. Facilitates trade and safe, efficient transport of hazardous materials

4. Establishes minimum requirements applicable to transport of hazardous materials by all modes of transportation

5. Includes a comprehensive criteria-based classification system for substances that pose a significant hazard in transportation

6. Includes standards for packaging and multimodal tanks used to transport hazardous materials

7. Addresses labeling, marking, placarding, and documentation

8. UN Hazard Classes

a. Class 1: Explosives

b. Class 2: Gases

c. Class 3: Flammable liquids

d. Class 4: Flammable solids, substances liable to spontaneous combustion, substances that emit flammable gases on contact with water

e. Class 5: Oxidizing substances and organic peroxides

f. Class 6: Toxic and infectious substances


g. Class 7: Radioactive materials

h. Class 8: Corrosive substances

i. Class 9: Miscellaneous dangerous substances and articles

9. Four-digit identification numbers

a. Assigned to each individual hazardous material

b. Often displayed on placards, labels, orange panels, and/or white diamonds in association with materials being transported

c. Must be displayed on bulk containers in one of three ways

Review Question: What are the nine UN hazard classes? See page 106 of the manual for answers.

d. In North America, must be displayed on:

i. Rail tank cars

ii. Cargo tank trucks

iii. Portable tanks

iv. Bulk packages

v. Vehicle containers containing large quantities of hazardous materials

vi. Certain nonbulk packages

e. May be preceded by letters UN

f. Key provided in Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG) on yellow-bordered pages

B. U.S. Transportation Placards, Labels, and Markings

1. DOT placards

a. Diamond-shaped, color-coded sign provided by shippers

b. Identify materials in transportation containers

c. Hazard classes

i. Each has specific placard

ii. Indicated by class number of name


iii. Displayed in lower corner of placards

d. Found on various types of containers:

i. Bulk packages

ii. Rail tank cars

iii. Cargo tank vehicles

iv. Portable tanks

v. Unit load devices containing hazardous materials over 640 cubic feet (18 m3) in capacity

vi. Certain nonbulk containers

e. Required on any container transporting any quantity of the materials listed in Table 2.8 or 1,001 pounds (454 kg) or more of the materials listed in Table 2.9 of the manual

f. Not required when the gross weight of any of the materials listed in Table 2.9 is less than 1,001 pounds (454 kg) for any one shipment

g. Important facts

i. Placards not required for shipments of infectious substances, ORM-Ds, MOTs, limited quantities, small-quantity packages, radioactive materials, or combustible liquids in nonbulk packaging

Ask Students: What are ORM-Ds and MOTs?

Briefly discuss answers with students. Refer students to the information box on page 119 of the manual for definitions of Other Regulated Materials (ORM-Ds) and Materials of Trade (MOTs).

ii. Some private agriculture and military vehicles may not have placards

iii. The hazard class or division number corresponding to the primary or subsidiary hazard class of a material must be displayed in the lower corner of a placard

iv. Text indicating a hazard is not required, except for Class 7 or DANGEROUS placards

v. Shipper required to provide placards

vi. Drivers may not know what they are carrying or may have varying degrees of information


2. DOT labels

a. Provide same information as vehicle placards

b. Communicate hazards posed by the material in the event the package spills from the transport vehicle

c. 3.9 inch (100 mm), square-on-point diamonds

d. May or may not have written text that identifies the hazardous material within the packaging; Class 7 Radioactive labels must always contain text

e. May have primary and subsidiary labels for materials that meet the definition of more than one hazard class

3. DOT markings

a. Descriptive name, identification number, weight, or specification

b. Includes instructions, cautions, or UN marks

Review Question: On DOT placards, what does the color orange indicate? See page 111 of the manual for answers.

C. Canadian Transportation Placards, Labels, and Markings

1. Governed by Transport Canada (TC) and the Dangerous Goods Act

2. Based on UN Recommendations; similar to U.S. placards, labels, and markings

3. Differences between Canadian and U.S. placards, labels, and markings

a. Most Canadian transport placards do not have any signal words written on them

b. Labels and markings may be in both English and French

c. Subsidiary labels and placards will not have the class number on them

d. Canada requires a unique placard for anhydrous ammonia

D. Mexican Transportation Placards, Labels, and Markings

1. Based on UN Recommendations

2. Same hazard classes and subdivisions as U.S. and Canada

3. Text on placards and labels may be in Spanish; instructions in Spanish


4. Differences between Mexican transportation regulations and U.S. HMR

a. Official Mexican standards do not authorize DANGEROUS placard; PELIGROSO (DANGEROUS) placards may still be seen

b. Proper shipping name in Spanish in addition to English

c. HOT mark used in U.S. not authorized in Mexico

d. Mexican regulations do not require marine pollutants mark for surface transportation

e. Mexican standards incorporate provisions for consumer commodities but do not authorize ORM-D description as package marking

f. Mexican standards regarding classification of flammable liquids does not incorporate provisions for combustible liquids

g. Subsidiary placards and labels in Mexico will not have the class number in the bottom corner

E. Other North American Highway Vehicle Identification Markings

1. May include:

a. Company names

b. Logos

c. Specific tank colors

d. Stenciled commodity names

e. Manufacturers’ specification plates

F. North American Railroad Tank Car Markings

1. Variety of markings; key provided in ERG

2. Reporting marks

a. May be used to get information about the car’s contents from the railroad’s computer or the shipper

b. Unique to each car

c. Should match initials and numbers provided on shipping papers

d. Stenciled on both sides and both ends of the tank car tank

3. Capacity stencil


a. Shows volume of tank car tank

b. Volume in gallons – Stenciled on both ends of car under initials and number

c. Volume in pounds – Stenciled on sides of car under car’s initials and number

d. Water capacity may be stenciled on sides of tank near the center of the car

4. Specification marking

a. Indicates standards to which tank car was built

b. Stenciled on both sides of the tank

c. Stamped into tank heads where not readily visible

d. Available from railroad, shipper, car owner, or Association of American Railroads

G. International Intermodal Container/Tank Markings

1. For intermodal tanks and containers

2. Generally found on right-hand side of tank or container

3. On tank/container or frame

4. Can be used in conjunction with shipping papers or computer data to identify and verify contents

Section V: Clue 4 – Other Markings and Colors

V. CLUE 4 – OTHER MARKINGS AND COLORS

CAUTION: Read the container and understand all of the information provided!

pp. 132-144 Objective 5 — Describe the other markings and colors that may indicate the presence of hazardous materials.

A. NFPA® 704 System

1. Widely recognized method for indicating presence of hazardous materials at commercial, manufacturing, institutional, and other fixed-storage facilities

2. Commonly required by local ordinances for all occupancies that contain hazardous materials


3. Alert emergency responders to health, flammability, instability, and related hazards

4. NOT designed for the following situations or hazards:

a. Transportation

b. General public use

c. Nonemergency occupational exposures

d. Explosives and blasting agents, including commercial explosive materials

e. Chronic health hazards

f. Biological agents and other similar hazards

5. Uses rating system of numbers from 0 to 4

a. 0 indicates minimal hazard

b. 4 indicates severe hazard

6. Arranged on diamond-shaped marker or sign

7. Assigned to three categories – Health, flammability, and instability

a. Health – Blue background

b. Flammability – Red background

c. Instability – Yellow background

d. Special hazards – White background

Ask Students: What two hazards are authorized for use in the special hazards position?

Briefly discuss answers with students. Explain that NFPA® authorizes the use of W, indicating unusual reactivity with water, and OX,

indicating that the material is an oxidizer.

B. U.S. Hazard Communications Labels and Markings

1. Based on OSHA’s Hazard Communication Standard (HCS)

2. Requires employers to identify hazards in workplace and train employees how to recognize these hazards


3. Requires employer to ensure that all hazardous material containers are labeled, tagged, or marked with identity of substances contained along with appropriate hazard warnings

4. Does not specify which identification system must be used; first responders may encounter a variety of different labeling and marking systems

C. Canadian Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS)

1. Requires that hazardous products be appropriately labeled and marked

2. Spells out requirements for safety data sheets (SDSs)

3. Types of labels

a. Supplier label

b. Workplace label

D. Mexican Hazard Communication System

1. Equivalent to HCS

2. Requires employers to ensure that hazardous chemical substances in workplace are appropriately and adequately labeled

3. Adopts NFPA® 704 and related hazard communication label system as official

4. Caution symbols triangular

E. Manufacturers’ Labels and Signal Words

1. Federal Hazardous Substances Act (FHSA) requires products destined for consumer households to incorporate one of four signal words to indicate the degree of hazard

a. CAUTION – Minor health effects

b. WARNING – Moderate hazards such as significant health effects or flammability

c. DANGER – Highest degree of hazard

d. POISON – In addition to DANGER on labels of highly toxic materials

2. FHSA also requires labels to provide other information:

a. Name and business address of manufacturer, packer, distributor, or seller

b. Common or chemical name of each hazardous ingredient


c. Affirmative statement of principal hazard or hazards that product presents

d. Precautionary statements telling users what they must do or what actions they must avoid to protect themselves

e. Instructions for first-aid treatment where it is appropriate in the event the product injures someone

f. Instructions for consumers to follow to protect themselves when a product requires special care in handling or storage

g. Statement, Keep out of the reach of children

3. Appropriate signal words required on pesticide labels

F. Chemical Abstract Service® (CAS®) Numbers

1. Unique numerical identifiers assigned to various products

a. Individual chemicals and chemical compounds

b. Polymers

c. Mixtures

d. Alloys

e. Biological sequences

2. Can be used to search chemical databases

3. Typically included on safety data sheets

G. Other Symbols and Signs

1. EPA requires warning label on containers, transformers, or capacitors that contain polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)

H. ISO Safety Symbols

1. International safety signs defined by ISO

2. Used in conjunction with OSHA-required hazard signs

I. Globally Harmonized System (GHS) Symbols

1. Based on Globally Harmonized System or Classification and Labeling of Chemicals

a. Promotes common, consistent criteria for classifying chemicals according to health, physical, and environmental hazards


b. Encourages use of compatible hazard labels, SDSs, and other hazard communication information

2. Key harmonized information elements

a. Uniform classification of hazardous substances and mixtures

b. Hazard communications: labeling standards

i. Allocation of label elements

ii. Symbols and pictograms

iii. Signal words: DANGER and WARNING

iv. Hazard statements

v. Precautionary statements and pictograms

vi. Product and supplier identification

vii. Multiple hazards and precedence of information

viii. Arrangements for presenting GHS label elements

ix. Special labeling arrangements

c. Hazard communications: safety data sheet (SDS) content and format

J. Military Markings

1. Unique marking systems in addition to DOT and TC transportation markings

2. Used on fixed facilities and may be seen on military vehicles

3. Not necessarily uniform

4. Not all buildings and areas may be marked

CAUTION: The military ships some hazardous materials and chemicals by common carrier. When this is done they are not required to be marked with DOT and TC transportation markings.

K. Pipeline Markers

1. Regulated by U.S. DOT Pipeline Safety and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA)

2. Required where pipelines cross under or over roads, railroads, and waterways


3. Must be in sufficient numbers along rest of pipeline to identify pipe’s location

4. Do not always mark exact location of pipeline

5. Include signal words CAUTION, WARNING, or DANGER

6. Contain information describing transported commodity and name and emergency number of carrier

L. Pesticide Labels

1. Regulated by EPA

2. Must contain manufacturer’s name for pesticide and one of the following signal words:

a. DANGER/POISON – Highly toxic materials

b. WARNING – Moderate toxicity

c. CAUTION – Low toxicity

d. May also include EXTREMELY FLAMMABLE if contents have flash point below 80°F (27°C)

3. Includes EPA registration number – Used to obtain information about product from manufacturer’s 24-hour emergency contact

4. Includes establishment number that identifies manufacturing facility

5. May include:

a. Routes of entry

b. Precautionary statements

c. Active ingredients

d. Requirements for storage and disposal

e. First aid information

f. Antidotes for poisoning

g. Hazard statements indicating that product poses environmental hazard

6. In Canada – Carry Pest Control Products (PCP) Act number; CANUTEC provides information based on this number

M. Color Codes – ANSI Z535.1


1. Red

a. Danger or Stop

b. Used on containers of flammable liquids, emergency stop bars, stop buttons, and fire-protection equipment

2. Orange

a. Warning

b. Used on hazardous machinery with parts that can crush or cut or energized equipment

3. Yellow – Solid, yellow and black stripes, or yellow and black checkers

a. Caution

b. Indicate physical hazards such as tripping hazards

c. Used on containers of corrosive or unstable materials

4. Green – Marks safety equipment

5. Blue – Marks safety information signage

Section VI: Clue 5 – Written Resources

VI. CLUE 5 – WRITTEN RESOURCES

pp. 144-150 Objective 6 — Explain the written resources available to indicate the presence of hazardous materials.

A. Shipping Papers

1. Must accompany shipments of hazardous materials

2. Can be provided on bill of lading, waybill, or similar document

3. General location and type of paperwork change according to mode of transport

4. Instructions for describing hazardous materials are provided in the DOT/TC regulations as follows:

a. Proper shipping name of material

b. Hazard class represented by material

c. Packing group assigned to material

d. Quantity of material


5. Appropriate locations

a. Trucks and airplanes – Near driver or pilot

b. Ships and barges – Bridge or in pilothouse

c. Train – With train crew or by contacting railroad

6. Transborder shipments between U.S. and Mexico

a. Accompanied by shipping documents in English and Spanish

b. May include appropriate guide page from current ERG

c. Must be provided in Spanish when shipped to Mexico; English when shipped to U.S.

B. Safety Data Sheets (SDS)

1. Detailed information bulletin prepared by manufacturer or importer of a chemical that provides specific information about the product

2. Material safety data sheets (MSDS)

a. OSHA and Canadian regulations mandated requirements for MSDS contents

b. Both countries now switching to Globally Harmonized System (GHS) SDS format

c. Responders may see MSDSs developed to ANSI, OSHA, Canadian, or new GHS standards

3. Often best sources of detailed information to which firefighters have access

4. Can be acquired from manufacturer of material, supplier, shipper, emergency response center, or facility hazard communication plan

5. GHS for Hazard Classification and Communication specifies minimum information; SDSs must include following sections:

a. Identification

b. Hazard(s) identification

c. Composition/information on ingredients

d. First aid measures

e. Firefighting measures


f. Accidental release measures

g. Handling and storage

h. Exposure controls/personal protection

i. Physical and chemical properties

j. Stability and reactivity

k. Toxicological information

l. Ecological information

m. Disposal considerations

n. Transport information

o. Regulatory information

p. Other information

Review Question: What are the required sections of SDSs? See pages 148-149 of the manual for answers.

C. Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG)

1. Developed jointly by TC, DOT, and Secretaria de Comunicaciones y Transportes (SCT)

2. For use by those who may be the first to arrive at the scene of a transportation incident involving dangerous goods/hazardous materials

3. Guide to aid emergency responders in quickly identifying the specific or generic hazards of materials involved in an emergency incident and protecting themselves and the general public during the initial response phase of the incident

4. Does not address all possible circumstances that may be associated with a dangerous goods/hazardous materials incident

5. Primarily designed for use at highway or railroad incidents

D. Inventory Records and Facility Documents

1. HCS requires U.S. employers to maintain Chemical Inventory Lists (CILs) of all hazardous substances

a. Usually contain information about locations of materials within a facility


b. Can be useful in identifying containers that may have damaged or missing labels or markings

2. Other documents and records that may provide information about hazardous materials

a. Shipping and receiving documents

b. Inventory records

c. Risk management and hazardous communication plans

d. Chemical inventory reports

3. Emergency response plans developed by the Local Emergency Planning Committee (LEPC)

Section VII: Clue 6 – Senses

VII. CLUE 6 – SENSES

pp. 150-152 Objective 7 — Discuss the limitations of using the senses to determine the presence or absence of hazardous materials.

Ask Students: What is the safest of the five senses to use in the detection of a hazardous material?

Briefly discuss answers with students. Explain that vision is definitely the safest of the five senses to use in the detection of a hazardous material.

WARNING! Deliberately using the human senses to detect the presence of hazardous materials is both unreliable and dangerous.

A. Visual/Physical Chemical Indicators

1. Provide tangible evidence of the presence of hazardous materials

2. Direct visible evidence that physical and/or chemical actions and reactions are taking place

a. Spreading vapor cloud or smoke

b. Unusual colored smoke

c. Flames

d. Gloves melting


e. Changes in vegetation

f. Container deterioration

g. Containers bulging

h. Sick humans

i. Dead or dying birds, animals, insects, or fish

j. Discoloration of valves or piping

3. Physical actions – Processes that do not change the elemental composition of the materials involved; indications:

a. Rainbow sheen on water surfaces

b. Wavy vapors over a volatile liquid

c. Frost or ice buildup near a leak

d. Containers deformed by the force of an accident

e. Activated pressure-relief devices

f. Pinging or popping of heat-exposed vessels

4. Chemical reactions – Convert one substance to another; visual and sensory evidence:

a. Exothermic heat

b. Unusual or unexpected temperature drop

c. Extraordinary fire conditions

d. Peeling or discoloration of a container’s finish

e. Spattering or boiling of unheated materials

f. Distinctively colored vapor clouds

g. Smoking or self-igniting materials

h. Unexpected deterioration of equipment

i. Peculiar smells

j. Unexplained changes in ordinary materials

k. Symptoms of chemical exposure


B. Physical Signs and Symptoms of Chemical Exposure

1. May also indicate presence of hazardous materials

2. Can occur separately or in clusters

3. Changes in respiration

a. Difficult breathing

b. Increase or decrease in respiration rate

c. Tightness of the chest

d. Irritation of the nose and throat

e. Respiratory arrest

4. Changes in level of consciousness

a. Dizziness

b. Lightheadedness

c. Drowsiness

d. Confusion

e. Fainting

f. Unconsciousness

5. Abdominal distress

a. Nausea

b. Vomiting

c. Cramping

6. Change in activity level

a. Fatigue

b. Weakness

c. Stupor

d. Hyperactivity

e. Restlessness


f. Anxiety

g. Giddiness

h. Faulty judgment

7. Visual disturbances

a. Double vision

b. Blurred vision

c. Cloudy vision

d. Burning of the eyes

e. Dilated or constricted pupils

8. Skin changes

a. Burning sensations

b. Reddening

c. Paleness

d. Fever

e. Chills

9. Changes in excretion or thirst

a. Uncontrolled tears

b. Profuse sweating

c. Mucus flowing from the nose

d. Diarrhea

e. Frequent urination

f. Bloody stool

g. Intense thirst

10. Pain

a. Headache

b. Muscle ache


c. Stomachache

d. Chest pain

e. Localized pain at sites of substance contact

Review Question: What are some symptoms of chemical exposure? See pages 154-156 of the manual for answers.

Section VIII: Clue 7 – Monitoring and Detection Devices

VIII. CLUE 7 – MONITORING AND DETECTION DEVICES

p. 152 Objective 8 — Discuss monitoring and detection devices.

A. Monitoring and Detection Devices

1. Can be useful in determining the presence of hazardous materials and concentrations

2. Can be used to determine scope of incident

3. Effective use requires actual contact; outside the scope of action for Awareness-Level personnel

Section IX: Learning Activities

IX. LEARNING ACTIVITIES

Objective 9 — Analyze scenarios to detect the presence of hazardous materials.

A. Learning Activity 2-1

1. For this learning activity, students will read through various scenarios and determine the presence of hazardous materials.

2. This learning activity can be found on p. 30-31 of the Student Workbook.

B. Directions

1. For this learning activity, students will read the scenarios and answer the questions that follow.

Objective 10 — Interpret representative shipping papers.


1. For this learning activity, students will analyze shipping papers and answer questions regarding the papers.



B. Directions

1. For this learning activity, students will analyze shipping papers and answer the questions that follow.

Objective 11 — Interpret a safety data sheet (SDS).


1. For this learning activity, students will analyze a safety data sheet (SDS) and answer the questions related to the SDS.


B. Directions

1. For this learning activity, students will analyze a SDS and answer the questions that follow.

Section X: Identification of Terrorist Attacks and Illicit Laboratories

X. IDENTIFICATION OF TERRORIST ATTACKS AND ILLICIT LABORATORIES

pp. 153-162 Objective 12 — Explain how to identify terrorist attacks and illicit laboratories.

A. Differences between hazardous materials incidents and terrorist incidents

1. Size and capacity

2. Number of casualties

3. Presence of extremely hazardous materials

4. Potential for armed resistance

5. Booby traps

6. Necessity of crime scene preservation

7. Secondary devices

8. Higher level of risk from contaminated victims, structural collapse hazards, and other dangers

9. Hazardous materials incidents do not specifically target people; terrorists specifically target public, first responders, or both

B. Cues to Possibility of Terrorist Attack


1. Report of two or more medical emergencies in public locations

2. Unusually large number of people with similar signs and symptoms arriving at physicians’ offices or medical emergency rooms

3. Reported explosion at a movie theater, department store, office building, government building, or location with historical or symbolic significance

Ask Students: What types of agents are used in chemical attacks?

Briefly discuss answers with students. Chemical attacks may utilize chemical warfare agents such as nerve agents, blister agents, blood agents, choking agents, and riot control agents. Chemical attacks may also involve toxic industrial materials or toxic industrial chemicals.

C. Chemical Attack Indicators

1. Warning or threat of an attack or received intelligence

2. Presence of hazardous materials or laboratory equipment that is not relevant to the occupancy

3. Intentional release of hazardous materials

4. Unexplained patterns of sudden onset of similar, nontraumatic illnesses or deaths

5. Unexplained odors or tastes that are out of character with the surroundings

6. Multiple individuals exhibiting unexplained signs of skin, eye, or airway irritation

7. Unexplained bomb or munition-like material, especially if it contains a liquid

8. Unexplained vapor clouds, mists, and plumes, particularly if they are not consistent with their surroundings

9. Multiple individuals exhibiting unexplained health problems such as nausea, vomiting, twitching, tightness in chest, sweating, pinpoint pupils, runny nose, disorientation, difficulty breathing, or convulsions

10. Unexplained deaths and/or mass casualties

11. Casualties distributed downwind or near ventilation systems

12. Multiple individuals experiencing blisters and/or rashes

13. Trees, shrubs, bushes, food crops, and/or lawns that are dead, discolored, abnormal in appearance, or withered


14. Surfaces exhibiting oily droplets or films and unexplained oily film on water surfaces

15. Abnormal number of sick or dead birds, animals, and/or fish

16. Unusual security, locks, bars on windows, covered windows, and barbed wire enclosures

Instructor Note: Refer students to the information box on page 156 of the manual. Discuss the symptoms of exposure and the acronyms SLUDGEM or DUMBELS.

Ask Students: What types of materials are often utilized in biological attacks? Briefly discuss answers with students. Biological attacks utilize viruses, bacteria, rickettsia, and/or biological toxins.

What does the acronyms SLUDGEM and DUNBELS stand for? (pg156)

D. Biological Attack Indicators


2. Presentation of specific unusual diseases

3. Unusual number of sick or dying people or animals

4. Multiple casualties with similar signs or symptoms

5. Dissemination of unscheduled or unusual spray

6. Abandoned spray devices

7. Non-endemic illness for the geographic area

8. Casualty distribution aligned with wind direction

9. Electronic tracking of signs and symptoms reported to hospitals, pharmacies, and other health care organizations

10. Illnesses associated with a common source of food, water, or location

11. Large numbers of people exhibiting flu-like symptoms during non-flu months

Ask Students: What types of materials are used in radiological attacks?


Briefly discuss answers with students. Radiological attacks utilize weapons that release radiological materials, most likely in the form of dust or powder. Dispersal may be accomplished by including the material in a bomb or explosive device, i.e. a radiological dispersal device (RDD), sometimes called a dirty bomb.

E. Radiological Attack Indicators


2. Individuals exhibiting signs and symptoms of radiation exposure

3. Radiological materials packaging left unattended or abandoned in public locations

4. Suspicious packages that appear to weigh more than they should

5. Activation of radiation detection devices, with or without an explosion

6. Material that is hot or seems to emit heat without any sign of an external heat source

7. Glowing material

F. Nuclear Attack Indicators


2. Mushroom cloud

3. Exceptionally large/powerful explosion

4. Electromagnetic pulse

Review Question: What are several indicators of a chemical attack? What are several indicators of a radiological attack? See pages 154-157 of the manual for answers.

G. Explosive/Incendiary Attack Indicators


2. Reports of an explosion

3. Explosion

4. Accelerant odors

5. Multiple fires or explosions


6. Incendiary device or bomb components

7. Unexpectedly heavy burning or high temperatures

8. Unusually fast burning fires

9. Unusually colored smoke or flames

10. Presence of propane or other flammable gas cylinders in unusual locations

11. Unattended packages/backpacks/objects left in high traffic/public areas

12. Fragmentation damage/injury

13. Damage that exceeds the level usually seen during gas explosions, including shattered reinforced concrete or bent structural steel

14. Craters

15. Scattering of small metal objects such as nuts, bolts, and/or nails used as shrapnel

H. Illicit Laboratories

1. Established to produce or manufacture illegal or controlled substances such as drugs, chemical warfare, agents, explosives, or biological agents

2. Can be found anywhere

3. Present numerous threats to first responders

a. Chemical, explosive, or biological hazards

b. Armed resistance

c. Booby traps

d. Toxic, explosive, and/or highly flammable products

4. Exterior clues

a. Blacked-out windows

b. Discarded chemical containers

c. Booby traps

d. Hidden or disguised entrances

e. Inappropriate levels of protection and security


f. Excessive amounts of trash

5. Interior clues

a. Covered windows in an occupied building

b. Chemical odors

c. Flasks and other glassware

d. Unusual heat sources

e. Containers of unknown substances

f. Pill packages or blister packs

g. Large quantities of lithium batteries

h. Propane bottles

Review Question: What are some exterior clues to the presence of an illicit lab? See page 160 of the manual for answers.

I. Secondary Attacks and Booby Traps

1. Secondary attacks

a. Always a possibility at terrorist attacks

b. Designed to affect an ongoing emergency response in order to create more chaos and injure responders and bystanders

c. Usually explosives of some kind

d. May be deployed as diversionary tactic to route emergency responders away from primary attack area

e. Will be hidden or camouflaged

f. May be detonated by time delay or other activation devices

2. Booby traps

a. May be set to protect illicit laboratories

b. May utilize other weapons, including chemical, biological, or radiological materials

c. May use animals such as snakes or guard dogs


3. Protecting against possible secondary devices

a. Anticipate the presence of a secondary device at any suspicious incident

b. Visually search for a secondary device before moving into the incident area

c. Limit the numbers of emergency response personnel to those performing critical tasks until the area has been checked and confirmed that no additional devices are present

d. Avoid touching or moving anything that may conceal an explosive device

e. Manage the scene with cordons, boundaries, and scene control zones.

f. Evacuate victims and nonessential personnel as quickly as possible

g. Preserve the scene as much as possible for evidence collection and crime investigation

4. Responders should be cautious of any item(s) the arouse curiosity, including:

a. Containers with unknown liquids or materials

b. Unusual devices or containers with electronic components such as wires, circuit boards, cellular phones, antennas and other items attacked or exposed

c. Devices containing quantities of fuses, fireworks, match heads, black powder, smokeless powder, incendiary materials or other unusual materials

d. Materials attached to or surrounding an item such as nails, bolts, drill bits, marbles, etc. that could be used for shrapnel

e. Ordnance such as blasting caps, detcord, military explosives, commercial explosives, grenades, etc.

f. Any combination of the above described items

Section XI: Summary and Review

XI. SUMMARY AND REVIEW

A. Chapter Summary

1. By using the seven clues to the presence of hazardous materials detailed in this chapter, first responders can take the first steps toward successful mitigation of a hazardous materials incident.

2. Responders must be aware that making a correct identification of a hazardous material may be difficult and at times extremely dangerous.


3. First responders must also be able to recognize when an incident may be the result of a terrorist attack, and to recognize the signs of illicit laboratories.

B. Review Questions

1. What are the seven clues to the presence of hazardous materials? (72)

2. What are some of the highly probable locations for finding significant quantities of hazardous materials? (67-69)

3. What are the criteria for bulk packaging? (77-102)

4. What are the nine UN hazard classes? (106)

5. On DOT placards, what does the color orange indicate? (111)

6. What are the required sections of safety data sheet (SDS)? (148-149)

7. What are some symptoms of chemical exposure? (154-156)

8. What are several indicators of a chemical attack? (154-157)

9. What are several indicators of a radiological attack? (157)

10. What are some exterior clues to the presence of an illicit lab? (160)