GST

Chapter 2: Geospatial and Space Technology

Outline

Core Study AreasData SourcesData ProcessingPotential Areas of Applications

Geodesy and Geodynamics

Geodesy is the study of the geometry of the earth including its gravity field. The study of geodesy deals generally with the determination of the figure and size of the earth as well as with the study of the earth’s gravity field.

Geodynamics on the other hand is concerned with the study of the dynamics of the solid earth including the study and monitoring of plate tectonics, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions. Geodetic methods are core to the study of geodynamics. Geodesy and geodynamics form the scientific foundation on which various aspects of geospatial engineering are based.

Positioning and Navigation

Positioning is about the determination of position of a point on or near the earth’s surface. Positioning is closely allied to navigation, which is concerned with the determination of the position of an object in motion. Both in positioning and in navigation, one requires well-established reference coordinate systems, in four-dimensional space, which comprises the definition of position in terms of place and time. The reference coordinate system provides a reference with respect to which the location of the point or object is to be given.

Shape of the Earth

We think of the earth as a sphere

It is actually a spheroid, slightly bulged at the equator and flattened slightly at the poles

Orientation of the axes: Origin is at the center of mass of the earth. xy-plane is coincident with earth’s equatorial plane. x-axis points in the direction of Greenwich meridian. z-axis is chosen normal to the equatorial plane in

the direction of the geographic north pole. y-axis completes the right handed coordinate system

ECEF Coordinate System

Geographic Coordinates (, h)

Cartesian (ECEF) coordinates are cumbersome in daily use.

An alternative is to represent the position information in geodetic coordinates – latitude, longitude and height or elevation.

Latitude () and Longitude () defined using an ellipsoid, (i.e.), an ellipse rotated about an axis.

Elevation (z) defined using geoid, a surface of constant gravitational potential.

Earth datums define standard values of the ellipsoid and geoid

Topometry and Measurement Systems

Topometry is simply the measurement of topography, taken in its broadest sense to cover the measurement of topography of any object. Topometry thus finds application in the measurement of topography of small artefacts such as bolts and nuts to the measurement of the topography of the earth and even of other planets. Topometric measurements rely on sophisticated measurement systems ranging from those required for precise, industrial, metrology to satellite positioning systems for the measurement of the topography of the earth and the planets. The knowledge in topometry finds application in such areas as in the design and construction of robots, in biomedical engineering, in civil engineering design and construction, in machine guidance and control, in precision industrial measurements, and in the modelling of the environment. The instruments used in Geospatial Engineering are almost exclusively sensor based. Thus this aspect of the discipline covers also the understanding of the working principles of geo-spatial sensors and instruments as well as with their design and construction.

Geoinformatics is concerned with the application of modern computer information systems to the analysis of geo-spatial phenomena and systems. It comprises particularly the disciplines of cartography, photogrammetry, remote sensing, and geo-spatial information systems (GIS).

Spatial data visualisation (SDV) on the other hand is concerned with the manipulation of graphic representation of geo-spatial data as to be able to realise three-dimensional visualisation of such data. Through SDV one is in a position to create virtual reality models of geo-spatial systems and objects.

Geoinformatics and Visualisation

This is a traditional area of land surveying which is concerned with policy issues in land management on one hand and the management of infrastructure on the other hand. It covers surveys for land management and the design, development, and use of land information systems (LIS) including digital and three-dimensional cadastres. Facility management on the other hand is a modern area of professional practice concerned with the application of information technology in the management of infrastructure. In both these cases, the question of ‘location’ is of critical importance, hence the consideration of this as an integral aspect of geo-spatial engineering.

Land Management and Infrastructure Management

Spatial Data Sources

Electronic Plane Surveying Systems

Remote Sensing

Before EarthquakeBefore Earthquake After EarthquakeAfter Earthquake

Disaster Monitoring-Japan

Mobile Mapping Systems

Hardware Requirements

Software architecture

Information Extraction Process

Data Collection

Data Input

exploration, overlay,neighbourhood,

network, modelling

Spatial Analysis

Decison Making Process

Infomation Output

Spatial Database

User NeedsAssessment

Potential Questions and Answers

CDF-Application

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UKW ALA

N.EAST UGENYA

EAST UGENYA

SOUTH UGENYA

NORTH UGENYA

N.W EST UGENYA

EAST UHOLO

WEST UHOLO

NORTH UHOLO

CENTRAL UGENYAWEST UGENYA

Ugunja- Madungu

Seg

a-Bug

hala

lire

Luhano- Ur iya

Lifun

ga-O

fula

Hafum bre -U kwala

Konjr a-Asango

Sidindi -M uthi ero

Wuoroya-Nzoia

Wangot ong-M usanda

Wuroya-Umina

Odiado- Har ungu

Ko njr

a- Riv

er N

zoia

Rambul a - Konjr a

Rangala-U ludhi

Sif uyo- Nam bale

WANGOTONG

LURU PRI.SCHOOL

SIHAI SEC.SCHOOL

JERA SEC. SCHOOLJERA PRI. SCHOOLLELA PRI. SCHOOL

UREF PRI. SCHOOL

UMER PRI. SCHOOL

URING PRI. SCHOOL

UHOLA PRI. SCHOOL

SIROR PRI. SCHOOL

RALAK PRI. SCHOOL

ULAWE PRI. SCHOOL

UMINA SEC. SCHOOL

LUNGA PRI. SCHOOL

OGEDA PRI. SCHOOL

OLOMA PRI. SCHOOL

RANGALA BABY HOME

MAUNA PRI. SCHOOL

UGANA PRI. SCHOOL

MAHWI PRI. SCHOOL

SIMUR PRI. SCHOOL

LWERO PRI. SCHOOL

YENGA SEC. SCHOOL

ULOMA PRI. SCHOOL

OHANDO PRI. SCHOOL

ANYIKO SEC. SCHOOL

LIGALA PRI. SCHOOL

ANYIKO PRI. SCHOOL

UCHOLA PRI. SCHOOL

UGAMBE PRI. SCHOOL

SIFUYO PRI. SCHOOL SIMERO PRI. SCHOOL

NYIERA PRI. SCHOOL

MIYARE SEC. SCHOOL

NDENGA SEC. SCHOOL

ULUTHE PRI. SCHHOL

LUANDA PRI. SCHOOL

DIRAHO PRI. SCHOOL

RAMUNDE PRI. SCHOOL

SIRISIA PRI. SCHOOL

HARUNGU PRI. SCHOOL

RADUODI PRI. SCHOOL

SIGINGA PRI. SCHOOL

HUMWEND SEC. SCHOOL

SUWINGA PRI. SCHOOL

SIMENYA SEC. SCHOOL

LUNJERE PRI. SCHOOL

MADUNGU PRI. SCHOOL

MURUMBA PRI. SCHOOL

SIRANGA PRI. SCHOOL

MUDHIERO SEC. SCHOOL

SIGOMERE PRI. SCHOOL

UKELA PRIMARY SCHOOLNYAMSENDA PRI. SCHOOL

GOT NANGA PRI. SCHOOL

BAR NDEGE PRI. SCHOOL

GOT OMALO PRI. SCHOOL

MOI ULOMA SEC. SCHOOL

GOT ODIMA PRI. SCHOOL

SEGA GIRLS SEC. SCHOOL

BAR ONINGE PRI. SCHOOL

UKWALA BOYS PRI. SCHOOLUKWALA GIRLS PRI. SCHOOL

SEGA TOWNSHIP SEC. SCHOOL

UDIRA KAMREMBO PRI. SCHOOL

EQUATOR ROUND TABLE SCHOOL

SEGA HEALTH CENTRE

SIMENYA DISPENSARY

NYANGU HEALTH CENTRE

RAMBULA HEALTH CENTRE

SIGALAME HEALTH CENTRE

SIGOMERE HEALTH CENTRE

BAR NDEGE HEALTH CENTRE

UKWALA HEALTH CENTRE-motuary

SIGINGA SEC. SCHOOL

Jera

Sega

Uwai Bondo

Uriya

Sifuyo

Luhano

Ukwala

Ugunja

Odiado

RangalaSimenya Sidindi

Sigomere

Nzoia shopsNotrh Nzoia

South Nzoia

Mahawa dam

Yiro

Masat

UminaUmala

Ulwan

YengaNdenga

Uyundo

Ambira Buholo

Asango

Konjra

Ligala

Anyiko

Humwend

Siranga

Madungu

Tingare

Ramunde

Lifunga

Kagonya

RambulaHafumbre

Karadolo

Nyalenya

Mudhiero

Got Osimbo

Kathieno A

Kathieno B

PAP OLANG' PRI. SCHOOL

MAGOMBE PRI SCHOOLNYAHARWA PRI. SCHOOL

River Nzoia

10000 0 10000 20000 30000 Meters

N

EW

S

Ugenya CDF Projects625000

625000

630000

630000

635000

635000

640000

640000

645000

645000

650000

650000

655000

655000

660000

660000

10000 10000

15000 15000

20000 20000

25000 25000

30000 30000

35000 35000

40000 40000

BoundaryLocations.

Roads.All weather -looseDry weather roadFoot pathMain track motor

River Nzoia.# Market centres.# Minor towns.

Rehabilitated swamp# Health facilities.# Education facilities.

Legend:

Application-Telecommunication

Health - Malaria

Health-Maternal Mortality Rates

Health-Cancer

Tax-Application

Infrastructure-Application

Retail-Outlet-Application

Boreholes Distribution

Borehole: Yield and Elevations

Education-Application

Bursary distribution

Crime-Mapping

Comparison of Low and high income areas

Forestry & GPS/GIS

GPS and GIS technologies result in rapid collection and coding of data presentation of data in numerous formats

Text based tables Colour maps

GPS/GIS combination brings in analytical power.

GIS is a great

mapmaking tool

GIS has the ability to analyze the information.

Mining Industry

GPS for open pit miningPseudolitesShovelsTruck Management systemSurveying

Drilling blast holes preciselyOpen pit mining equipment can be controlled using inputs provided by GPSFleet ManagementQuarry Applications ( Cement factory – monitoring the vehicle and driver too )

LIDAR

GPS for Airborne Mapping

GPS for Sea floor Mapping

Smart Cap with GPS Receiver

GPS augmentation: personal navigation supported by the human locomotion model

Military UsesPLGR GPS ReceiverThe Man pack was replaced in 1993 by the hand-held Precision Lightweight GPS Receiver (PLGR)

These units are similar to civilian receivers, but they can use higher-precision GPS signals.

Marine Navigation

Increased marine safety.

GPS and wireless communications deliver precise position information over wireless satellite links for emergency reports, navigation and tracking.

DGPS based systems place and maintain buoys, lights, and day markers that direct traffic in harbours, and on coastlines, rivers and lakes.

DGPS systems are used aboard competitors and committee boats, and provide precision placement for race course marks.

  harbour, Inland Waterway Traffic Service

The End