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THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPSSOCIOLOGY
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON1
CHAPTER 2
Cultural Diversity
Section 1: The Meaning of Culture
Section 2: Cultural Variation
THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPSSOCIOLOGY
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON2
Objectives:
Define the meaning of the term culture and
explain how material culture and non- material
culture differ.
Identify and describe the basic components of
culture.
Section 1: The Meaning of Culture
THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPSSOCIOLOGY
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON3
Culture Culture – consists of all the shared products of human
groups which include physical objects, beliefs,
values, and behaviors shared by a group
Material Culture – are physical objects that people
create and use such as books, buildings, clothing, and
cooking
Nonmaterial Culture – are abstract human creations
that include beliefs, family patterns, ideas, and
language
Section 1: The Meaning of Culture
THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPSSOCIOLOGY
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON4
CULTURE
all the shared products
of human groups
Material Culture
physical objects that people
create and use
Examples
automobiles, books,
buildings, clothing,
computers, and cooking
Examples
beliefs, family patterns, ideas,
language, political and
economic systems, and rules
Non material Culture
abstract human creations
THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPSSOCIOLOGY
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON5
Basic Components of Culture Technology – physical objects and rules for using them
Symbols – anything that represents something else and
has a shared meaning
Language – the organization of written or spoken
symbols into a standardized system
Values – shared beliefs about what is good and bad or
right or wrong
Norms – shared rules of conduct
Section 1: The Meaning of Culture
THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPSSOCIOLOGY
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON6
Basic Components of Culture Folkways – norms that describe socially acceptable
behavior (common customs of everyday life)
Mores – norms that have great moral significance
attached to them
Laws – written rules of conduct enacted and enforced
by governments
Values – shared beliefs about what is good and bad or
right or wrong
Section 1: The Meaning of Culture
THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPSSOCIOLOGY
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON7
Basic Components of Culture Culture Trait – simplest level of culture, an individual
tool, act, or belief that is related to a particular
situation or need.
Culture Complexes – cluster of interrelated traits.
(Think Football and all that goes with it)
Culture Pattern – combination of a number of culture
complexes into an interrelated whole. (Think all
sports)
Section 1: The Meaning of Culture
THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPSSOCIOLOGY
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON8
Objectives:
Describe cultural universals and explain why
they exist.
Explain what the terms ethnocentrism and
cultural relativism mean.
Identify factors that account for variations
among and within cultures.
Section 2: Cultural Variation
THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPSSOCIOLOGY
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON9
Cultural Universals
Cultural universals – general traits common to
all cultures
Exist because some needs are so basic that all
societies must develop certain features to
ensure their fulfillment
Section 2: Cultural Variation
THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPSSOCIOLOGY
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON10
Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism Ethnocentrism is the tendency to view one’s own
culture and group as superior to all others.
People in all societies are at times ethnocentric.
When ethnocentrism is too extreme, cultural growth
may stagnate.
– Limiting the number of immigrants into a society can cause this.
Extreme ethnocentrism can also lead to conflicts such as wars.
Section 2: Cultural Variation
THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPSSOCIOLOGY
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON11
Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism
Cultural relativism is the belief that cultures should be
judged by their own standards.
– Researchers attempt to understand cultural practices
from the point of view of the people they are
studying.
Participant Observation useful
Section 2: Cultural Variation
THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPSSOCIOLOGY
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON12
Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism
Cultural relativism helps sociologists in understanding
why people in different societies have different cultural
norms.
– e.g. the Sepoy Rebellion of India in 1857
(gunpowder cartridges were sealed with pig or beef
fat, both are religiously offensive to Hindu and
Muslims)
Section 2: Cultural Variation
THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPSSOCIOLOGY
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON13
Ethnocentrism Cultural Relativism
the tendency to view one’s
own culture and group as
superior to other different
cultures
belief that a culture should
be judged by its own
standards rather than by
those of another culture
THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPSSOCIOLOGY
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON14
Factors That Account for Variations
Among and Within Cultures
Subculture – shared values, norms and behaviors
that are not shared by the entire population
Counterculture – rejection of the major values,
norms, and practices of the larger society and
replacing them with a new set of cultural values The old older Amish are a good example of a counterculture. They have done everything they can to
demonstrate their separation from the world around them..
Section 2: Cultural Variation
THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPSSOCIOLOGY
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON15
Factors That Account for Variations
Among and Within Cultures
Subculture – shared values, norms and behaviors
that are not shared by the entire population
Counterculture – rejection of the major values,
norms, and practices of the larger society and
replacing them with a new set of cultural values The old older Amish are a good example of a counterculture. They have done everything they can to
demonstrate their separation from the world around them..
Section 2: Cultural Variation
THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPSSOCIOLOGY
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON16
Chapter Wrap-Up1. List five examples of material culture and five examples of
nonmaterial culture.
2. What is language, and why is it such an important part of
culture?
3. How do cultural traits, cultural complexes, and cultural
patterns differ?
4. What is ethnocentrism? How does it differ from cultural
relativism?
5. How are subcultures and countercultures related?
Section 2: Cultural Variation