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CHAPTER 2

CONTENTS

TO THE TEACHER xiii

Chapter 1 Introducing the Paragraph: Reasons for Writing 1GETTING STARTED 2

Responding to Images 2Discussion 3

READING AND VOCABULARY 3Reading: From “Reaching Across the Gap: How I Write”

by Michael C. Flanigan 3Th is reading is part of an essay written by a professor of composition at the University of Oklahoma. While writing letters as a young child, he discovered the importance of details and of writing for a particular audience.

Building Vocabulary: Recognizing Word Forms and Families 5

WRITING: THE PARAGRAPH 6Th e Topic Sentence 7Support 10Th e Conclusion 12Title 13Form 13Unity 14Coherence 15

COMPOSITION SKILLS 17Connecting Words 17

Key Words 18Coordinators 18Transition Words 18Subordinators 19

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THE PROCESS OF WRITING 20Prewriting 20

Considering Audience 20Getting Ideas 20Narrowing the Topic 20Deciding on a Controlling Idea 21Choosing Support 22Organizing Ideas 22

Draft ing 23Revising and Editing 24

Revising 24Editing 25

Editing: Verb Tense, Verb Form, Sentence Fragments, Spelling 25Connect to the Internet 26Keeping a Journal 26

Chapter 2 Narrative: Memorable Events 27GETTING STARTED 28

Responding to Images 28Journal Writing: A Lesson I Learned 28

READING AND VOCABULARY 29Reading: “My Fault” by Hoang Vo 29

Vo was a student in an ESL class when he wrote this piece. He writes about an unforgettable memory in which he blamed his friend for breaking a valuable vase.

Building Vocabulary: Recognizing Noun Suffi xes 30

WRITING: NARRATION 32Focusing on a Controlling Idea 32Supporting the Main Point with an Incident 35Giving Background Information 35Organizing by Chronological Order 36Writing Assignment 1 37

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COMPOSITION SKILLS 39Connecting Words for Narration 39Developing Grammar Skills: Simple Past, Past Continuous, Used to/Would 41Editing: Simple Past, Used to/Would 41

WRITING 42Choosing a Point of View 42Writing Assignment 2 43

MORE READING AND WRITING 45Reading: From “Wings of the Morning” by Orestes Lorenzo 45

Lorenzo was born in Cuba in 1956. Disillusioned with communism, he decided to escape to the United States. In December 1992, he fl ew a MiG-23 plane from Cuba to a naval air station near Key West, Florida. He describes the events that happened just aft er he landed his plane at the naval air base.

Topics for Discussion or Writing 46Connect to the Internet 47

Chapter 3 Description: Memorable Places 48GETTING STARTED 49

Responding to Images 49Journal Writing: A Special Place 50

READING AND VOCABULARY 50Reading: “Our Cottage” by Renata Strakova 50

Strakova wrote this essay when she was a student in an ESL class. In it, she describes her beautiful and peaceful vacations at her family’s cottage.

Building Vocabulary: Using Synonyms and Antonyms 52

WRITING: PAST DESCRIPTION 53Focusing on a Dominant Impression 53Supporting with Specifi c Details 54Organizing by Spatial Arrangement 57

WRITING ASSIGNMENT 1 59

COMPOSITION SKILLS 61Prepositions of Place and Direction 61Developing Grammar Skills: Simple Present, Simple Past, Th ere + be, Subject-Verb Agreement, Order of Adjectives 62Editing: Verb Tense, Th ere + be, Subject-Verb Agreement, Order of Adjectives 62

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WRITING: PRESENT DESCRIPTION 63Writing Assignment 2 64

MORE READING AND WRITING 66Reading: From “Wild Swans: Th ree Daughters of China” by Jung Chang 66

In this reading, Chang describes the middle school she attended in Sichuan province, China, in 1964, when she was 12 years old.

Topics for Discussion or Writing 67Connect to the Internet 68

Chapter 4 Analyzing Reasons: Human Behavior 69GETTING STARTED 70

Responding to Images 70Journal Writing: A Person I Admire 71

READING AND VOCABULARY 71Reading: From “A Celebration of Teachers” by Kristin Hunter 71

Hunter writes about her aunt, a teacher who infl uenced her and whom she admired.

Building Vocabulary: Keeping a Vocabulary Notebook 72

WRITING: ANALYZING REASONS 74Supporting the Main Idea with Details 74Supporting Generalizations with Examples 76Organizing into Major Points 77Writing Assignment 1 78

COMPOSITION SKILLS 79Connecting Words to Indicate Examples 79Connecting Words to Indicate Reasons or Causes 80Pronoun Consistency 81Developing Grammar Skills: Present Perfect, Tense Consistency, Adjective Clauses 83Editing: Verb Tenses, Adjective Clauses, Subject-Verb Agreement 83

WRITING 84Outlining 84Writing Assignment 2 86

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MORE READING AND WRITING 87Reading: “Teenagers and Stress” by David Inman 87

In this article, high school teens discuss various sources of stress in their lives and the eff ect stress has on them.

Topics for Discussion or Writing 89Connect to the Internet 89

Chapter 5 Analyzing a Process: Living on the World Wide Web 90GETTING STARTED 91

Responding to Images 91Journal Writing: Processes Th en and Now 91

READING AND VOCABULARY 92Reading: “You a Blogger? Why Not?” 92Building Vocabulary: Understanding Prefi xes 94

WRITING: PROCESS 95Analyzing a Process 95Support for a Process 95

Be aware of your audience. 96Give all the necessary steps in the process. 96Explain or describe the materials or equipment required. 96Warn the reader of diffi culties. 96Give details and examples to make the process clear and interesting. 96

Focusing on a Main Idea 97Introducing the Process 98Organizing by Chronological Order 99

COMPOSITION SKILLS 101Connecting Words for Process 101Developing Grammar Skills: Passive Voice, Gerunds and Infi nitives 103Editing: Passive Voice, Gerunds and Infi nitives 104Writing Assignment 1 104

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MORE READING AND WRITING 106Reading: “Map Your Tongue” by Eric Haseltine 106

Th is article about the diff erent types of taste buds in your mouth was published in the magazine Discover.

Topics for Discussion or Writing 108Connect to the Internet 108

Chapter 6 Comparing and Contrasting: Education 109GETTING STARTED 110

Responding to Images 110Journal Writing: Choosing a School 110

READING AND VOCABULARY 111Reading: Letters to the Editor 111Building Vocabulary: Recognizing Suffi xes 113

WRITING: COMPARISON AND CONTRAST 115Establishing a Controlling Idea 115Choosing Bases of Comparison 116Organizing by Points of Comparison 117Writing Assignment 1 118

COMPOSITION SKILLS 119Connecting Words for Comparison and Contrast 119Developing Grammar Skills: Comparative Forms, Correlative Conjunctions, Run-on Sentences, Comma Splices 124Editing: Comparative Forms, Correlative Conjunctions, Run-on Sentences, Comma Splices 125

WRITING 126Contrasting Th en and Now 126Organizing by Subjects 127

WRITING ASSIGNMENT 2 128

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MORE READING AND WRITING 129Reading: “Literacy Around the World” 129

Th ese accounts were written by three adults who recently became literate. Th ey appeared in various publications and were circulated by UNESCO. Th e adults describe how their lives changed since they learned how to read.

Topics for Discussion or Writing 131Connect to the Internet 132

Chapter 7 Classifying: Th e Media 133GETTING STARTED 134

Responding to Images 134Journal Writing: Television Shows 135

READING AND VOCABULARY 135Reading: “Th e Complaint Department: A blog about everything

that’s wrong with our world!” 135Building Vocabulary: Distinguishing Between Formal and Informal Vocabulary 137

WRITING: CLASSIFYING 138Finding a Principle of Classifi cation 138Introducing a Category with a Topic Sentence 143Developing Grammar Skills: Parallel Structure 144Editing: Parallel Structure, Tense Continuity, Subject-Verb Agreement 144Supporting the Categories 145

COMPOSITION SKILLS 146Connecting Words for Classifi cation 146Repeating Key Ideas 148Writing Assignment 1 151

MORE READING AND WRITING 152Reading: “What’s in a Name?” 152Topics for Discussion or Writing 154Connect to the Internet 155

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Chapter 8 Introduction to the Essay: Technology 156GETTING STARTED 157

Responding to Images 157Journal Writing: Th e Eff ects of Technological Change 157

READING AND VOCABULARY 158Reading: “ Tell-All Generation Learns to Keep Th ings Offl ine”

by Laura M. Holson 158In this article, the author reports on how young people are becoming more careful about sharing personal information on the Internet.

Building Vocabulary: Guessing Meaning from Context 160

WRITING: INTRODUCTION TO THE ESSAY 162Evaluating Eff ects 162From Paragraph to Essay 163Th e Th esis Statement 166Th e Introduction 168Th e Support 170Th e Conclusion 170Writing Assignment 1 172

COMPOSITION SKILLS 173Connecting Words Between Paragraphs 173Developing Grammar Skills: Adverb Clauses of Result, Reduced Adverb Clauses of Time and Cause 174Editing: Adverb Clauses of Result, Reduced Adverb Clauses, Verb Tense, Passive Voice 174

WRITING: OUTLINING AN ESSAY 175Writing Assignment 2 177

MORE READING AND WRITING 179Reading: “Roombas Fill an Emotional Vacuum for Owners” 179Topics for Discussion or Writing 180Connect to the Internet 181

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Appendices 182APPENDIX 1: PREWRITING STRATEGIES 184

Brainstorming 184Drawing a Sketch 184Freewriting 185Making a Venn Diagram 186Clustering 187

APPENDIX 2: DEVELOPING GRAMMAR SKILLS 188Adjectives 188

Order of Adjectives 188Adverbials 189

Adverbs of Time and Sequence 189Prepositions in Time Expressions 190

Articles 191Th e Indefi nite Article: a, an, some 191Th e Defi nite Article: the 192

Clauses 194Independent Clauses 194Dependent Clauses 195Adverb Clauses of Time 197Adverb Clauses of Result 198Reduced Adverb Clauses 200Adjective Clauses 201

Comparative Forms 203Comparative Adjectives and Adverbs 203(not) as . . . as 205

Connecting Words 206Coordinating Conjunctions 206Correlative Conjunctions 207Transition Words and Phrases 208

Gerunds and Infi nitives 210Gerunds as Subjects 210Gerunds as Objects of Prepositions 215

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Passive Voice 215Changing from Active to Passive 216Uses of the Passive Voice 216

Sentence Structure 217Th ere + be 217Sentence Fragments 219Run-On Sentences 221Comma Splices 221Subject-Verb Agreement 223Parallel Structure 226

Verbs Forms and Tenses 227Simple Present 227Simple Past 229Past Perfect 229Past Progressive 230Used to and Would 232Present Perfect 233Time Words with the Present Perfect and Simple Past 234Placement of Adverbs 235Consistency of Verb Tenses 236

APPENDIX 3: MECHANICS 239Th e Period 239Th e Comma 239Th e Semicolon 240Capitalization 240

APPENDIX 4: IRREGULAR VERB FORMS 242

APPENDIX 5: ANSWERS TO EDITING EXERCISES 245

INDEX 249

CREDITS 253

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