Chapter 2- Cells and tissues of Organisms

Cell types

Accordingto nucleus

Prokaryotic Eukaryotic

Accordingto function

Somatic Gametic

Types of Cell

Plant Cell

Animal Cell

Cell Wall

Mitochondria

❑ Structure of Mitochondria

• Membrane

• Chamber

• Cristae

• Oxysome

Plastid

Types : 3 types-

1. Leucoplast

2. Chromoplast

3. Chloroplast

Plastid vs Mitochondria

Traits Plastid MitochondriaPigmentColourSiteInternal membraneOxysomeStromaGranaFunction

Golgi Body

Centrosome

• Centrosphere

• Centrosome

• Centriole

Centriole

❑ Function :

✓ Construction of spindle apparatus.

✓ Formation of flagella .

✓ Helps in cell division .

Lysosome

Nucleus

Nuclear Membrane

Nucleus

Parts

➢ Nuclear membrane

➢ Nucleoplasm

➢ Nucleolus

➢ Chromatin reticulum

Plant tissue

Plant tissue

Simple tissue

1. Parenchyma

2. Collenchymna

3. Sclerenchyma

Complex tissue

1. Xylem 2. Phloem

Simple tissue

Xylem

➢ Xylem tissue consists of tracheid, vessel

(trachea), xylem fiber and xylem

parenchyma- these four types of cell.

➢ In pteridophytes and gymnosperms, there

is no vessel in xylem tissue.

➢ Gentum has simple vessel.

Phloem

❖ Phloem tissue consists of -

sieve cell,

companion cell,

phloem parenchyma and

phloem fiber- these four types of cell.

Phloem

➢ Mature sieve tube or sieve cell has no

nucleus.

➢ In gymnosperms, no companion cell is

present in phloem tissue.

➢ Fibers of secondary phloem is called

bast fiber. Jute fiber is a bast fiber.

Animal tissue Animaltissue

Epithelial

1.Squamous

2.Columnar

3.Cuboidal

Connective

1.Fibrous

2.Skeletal

3.Fluid

Muscular

1.Voluntary

2.Involuntary

3.Cardiac

Nerve

Epithelial Tissue

Epithelial Tissue

Connective Tissue

Fluid Connective Tissue

Voluntary, Involuntary and Cardiac muscle

Voluntary, Involuntary and Cardiac muscle

Trait Voluntary muscle Involuntary muscle Cardiac muscleShape Tubular Spindle shaped TubularTransverse striation Present Absent Present

Branch Absent Absent PresentNumber of nucleus 1 More than 1 1

Intercalated disc Absent Absent Present

Contraction-relaxation

Depends on the will of the animal.

Does not depend on the will of the animal.

Does not depend on the will of the animal.

Nerve Tissue

❑ Stroma is part of which of the following? Dhaka Board-2016

(a) cell wall

(b) chloroplast

(c) mitochondria

(d) ribosome

Poll Question-01

❑ Which one is obtained in animal cell? Rajshahi Board-2017

(a) chloroplast

(b) chromoplast

(c) leucoplast

(d) golgibody

Poll Question-02

Chapter 2: Board questions

❖ Characteristics of muscles above? Rajshahi Board-2017

(a) absence of nucleus

(b) intercalated disc

(c) made of voluntary muscle

(d) attached to bones

Chapter 2: Board questions

(a) What is prokaryotic cell?

(b) Why the involuntary muscle is called smooth muscle?

(c) Explain the structure characteristics of P with labeled diagram.

(d) In maintaining the environmental balance, which plays more important role between Q and R? Analyze.

Jashore Board-2020

Chapter 2: Board questions

(a) What is Eukaryotic cell ?

(b) What is cardiac muscle?

(c) Explain the structure of ‘A’ marked part in the stem. (d) Explain the similarities and dissimilarities of structure and function of ‘X’ and ‘Y’ in the stem.

Dhaka Board-2016

Chapter 4- Bioenergetics

Photosynthesis

6CO2 + 12H2O + Light energy → C6H1206 + 6H2O + 6O2

There are 4 things we need-

(i) Chlorophyl

(ii) Sunlight

(iii) Water (H2O)

(iv) CO2

Light Dependent Phase

Light independent Phase

Factors affecting photosynthesis

External factors Internal factors

Light (Red and blue light are

the most active) Carbon dioxide Temperature: Optimum

temperature is 22° − 35°C. Water Oxygen Minerals Vitamins and other chemical

substances

↑ Amount of starch → ↓Photosynthesis ↓ Potassium (catalyst) → ↓ Photosynthesis Age of leaf : Most in middle aged leaves. Internal structure of leaf Chlorophyll Enzyme

C𝟑 cycle C𝟒 cycle

1) Calvin, Benson and Bassham discovered

the C𝟑 cycle.

1) Hatch and Slack discovered the C𝟒

2) The first stable compound of the C𝟑 cycle is

3 carbon-containing phosphoglyceric acid.

2) The first stable compound of the C𝟒cycle is 4 carbon-containing Oxaloacetic

acid.

3) The rate of photosynthesis of C𝟑 plants is

low.

3) The rate of photosynthesis of The C𝟒plant is very high.

4) C𝟑 cycles occur in most plants. 4. Some example- Maize, sugarcanes,

grass plants, Motha grass, amaranthus

Comparison of 𝐶3 and 𝐶4 cycles

Respiration

Respiration is the sum of several energy releasing oxidation- reduction

reactions. Respiration occurs in all living cells of plants 24 hours at day-

night.

C6H12O6 + 6O2different enzymes

6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (686 k Cal / Mole)

glucose

Aerobic Respiration

❖ 4 steps -

Glycolysis

Acetyl Co-A formation

Krebs cycle

Electron transport system

Aerobic Respiration

Calculation of ATP and others

Stage of respiration Substance produced Used substance Net product

Glycolysis 2 molecules pyruvic acid

2 molecules 𝑁𝐴𝐷𝐻 + 𝐻+

4 molecules 𝐴𝑇𝑃

2 molecules 𝐴𝑇𝑃6 ATP

2 ATP

Acetyl Co-A 2 molecules acetyl Co-A

2 molecules 𝐶𝑂22 molecules 𝑁𝐴𝐷𝐻 + 𝐻+

2 molecules

pyruvic acid

2 molecules 𝐶𝑂26 ATP

Kreb’s Cycle 4 molecules 𝐶𝑂26 molecules 𝑁𝐴𝐷𝐻 + 𝐻+

2 molecules 𝐹𝐴𝐷𝐻22 molecules 𝐺𝑇𝑃

2 molecules

acetyl Co-A

4 molecules 𝐶𝑂218 ATP

4 ATP

2 ATP

38 ATP (net total ATP)

+6 molecules 𝐶𝑂2

1 molecules NADH + H+ or NADH2 = 3 molecules ATP

1 molecules FADH2 = 2 molecules ATP

1 molecule GTP = 1 molecule ATP

Glycolysis occurs, however the Pyruvic acid found in glycolysis will be reduced instantly by NADH + H+

So it's called the incomplete Oxidation of glucose.

Pirovic acid will be reduced, so that Carbon-dioxide and ethyl alcohol, Or just lactic acid will be produced .

Anaerobic Respiration

Factors affecting Respiration

External factors Internal factors

• Temperature: 20° − 45°C• O2: Only required in aerobic respiration. • Water• Sunlight• ↑ CO2 : Respiration rate decreases

partially.

• Complex food• Enzyme• Age of cells: More in young cells.

• ↑ Inorganic salts of cell : ↑ respiration• ↑ Inorganic salts of soil: ↑ respiration• ↓ Internal water of cell : ↓ respiration

❑ 1 molecule 𝐅𝐀𝐃𝐇𝟐 = molecules of ATP? Dhaka Board-2017

(a) 2

(b) 4

(c) 6

(d) 8

Poll Question-03

❑ In which year Blackman divided photosynthesis into two stages?

Rajshahi Board-2017

(a) 1905

(b) 1925

(c) 1965

(d) 1975

Poll Question-04

Chapter 4 : Board Questions

(a) What is photophosphorylation?

(b) What is the reason behind the decrease of the rate of photosynthesis after the noon?

Explain.

(c) How A is produced in night in the above mentioned reaction? Explain.

(d) The above mentioned metabolic reaction in organism depends on Q-give your logical

opinion.

P + water Q

Green particlesA + water + R

Chapter 4 : Board Questions

(a) What is biological coin?

(b) What do you mean by photophosphorylation?

(c) Describe the first step of Fig. N(d) For the survival of the living species both M and N are vital -Explain

Barishal Board-2017.

Fig: M Fig: N

CO2

CO2

❑ 1 molecule 𝐍𝐀𝐃𝑯𝟐 = molecules of ATP?

(a) 2

(b) 3

(c) 6

(d) 8

Poll Question-05