Chapter 2:Chapter 2:A Nation EmergesA Nation Emerges

Origins of Our Origins of Our Governmental SystemGovernmental System Limited GovernmentLimited Government

– Magna CartaMagna Carta – – protected citizens’ protected citizens’ rightsrights

Representative Representative GovernmentGovernment– People choose a limited People choose a limited

number of individuals number of individuals (representatives) to (representatives) to make decisions for all make decisions for all citizenscitizens

Political PhilosophyPolitical Philosophy Locke (d. 1704)Locke (d. 1704)

– ““natural rights of life, liberty, and property”natural rights of life, liberty, and property” Hobbes (d. 1679)Hobbes (d. 1679)

– People give up complete freedom in exchange for People give up complete freedom in exchange for security and safetysecurity and safety

Rousseau (d. 1778)Rousseau (d. 1778)– People have the right to determine how they People have the right to determine how they

should be governedshould be governed Montesquieu (d. 1755)Montesquieu (d. 1755)

– Three separate branches of governmentThree separate branches of government

The Beginnings of The Beginnings of Self-GovernmentSelf-Government Jamestown (1607)Jamestown (1607)

– Representative assembly Representative assembly - a group - a group of individuals to represent the of individuals to represent the populationpopulation

Pilgrims (1620)Pilgrims (1620)– Mayflower Compact – agreement Mayflower Compact – agreement

that set up a government and made that set up a government and made the people promise to obey its lawsthe people promise to obey its laws

The Fundamental Orders of The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut Connecticut (1639)(1639)– America’s first written constitutionAmerica’s first written constitution– Called for a Called for a representative representative

assemblyassembly Legislatures Legislatures – lawmaking groups– lawmaking groups

The Colonies - 1732The Colonies - 1732

The Colonies RebelThe Colonies Rebel

Navigation Acts Navigation Acts (1651)(1651)– Only English ships could be used for Only English ships could be used for

tradetrade Sugar ActSugar Act (1764) (1764)

– Placed a tax on imported sugarPlaced a tax on imported sugar Stamp ActStamp Act (1765) (1765)

– Taxed legal documents, newspapers, etc.Taxed legal documents, newspapers, etc. ““Taxation without representation”Taxation without representation”

The First Continental CongressThe First Continental Congress– Philadelphia (Sept 5, 1774)Philadelphia (Sept 5, 1774)– Send a petition to King George III, Send a petition to King George III,

organize boycott of British goods, organize boycott of British goods, require each colony to start an armyrequire each colony to start an army

– British response: Even more British response: Even more repressiverepressive

– April 19, 1775: Battle of ConcordApril 19, 1775: Battle of Concord

Second Continental CongressSecond Continental Congress– Became central government for the Became central government for the

coloniescolonies– Establish an armyEstablish an army– Commander in Chief: George Commander in Chief: George

WashingtonWashington

IndependenceIndependence– Thomas Paine, Thomas Paine, Common SenseCommon Sense– July 2, 1776: Resolution of July 2, 1776: Resolution of

IndependenceIndependence– July 4, 1776: Declaration of July 4, 1776: Declaration of

Independence is adoptedIndependence is adopted Signed on August 2 by members of the Signed on August 2 by members of the

continental congresscontinental congress

– Weak central government, strong Weak central government, strong state governmentsstate governments

The Articles of The Articles of ConfederationConfederation The GovernmentThe Government

– Confederation - Confederation - voluntary voluntary association of independent statesassociation of independent states

– November 15, 1777: drafted a plan, November 15, 1777: drafted a plan, signed by all 13 states on March 1, signed by all 13 states on March 1, 17811781

– Enter into treatiesEnter into treaties– Establish and control Establish and control

armed forcesarmed forces– Declare war and Declare war and

make peacemake peace– Regulate coinageRegulate coinage– Borrow money from Borrow money from

the peoplethe people– Create postal systemCreate postal system

– Regulate Indian affairsRegulate Indian affairs– Set standards of weights and Set standards of weights and

measuresmeasures– Create courts for problems Create courts for problems

related to ships at searelated to ships at sea– Settle disputes between Settle disputes between

statesstates– Guarantee that citizens Guarantee that citizens

visiting other states would visiting other states would have same rights as citizens have same rights as citizens of stateof state

Articles of ConfederationArticles of Confederation

AofC AccomplishmentsAofC Accomplishments– Northwest OrdinanceNorthwest Ordinance - established a - established a

basic pattern for how states should basic pattern for how states should govern new territories north of the Ohio govern new territories north of the Ohio RiverRiver

– Won the Revolutionary War (1775-1781)Won the Revolutionary War (1775-1781) Weaknesses of AofCWeaknesses of AofC

– Made up of independent statesMade up of independent states– p. 47p. 47

Shays’ Rebellion (1786)Shays’ Rebellion (1786)– Farmers angry about Farmers angry about

loans and debtsloans and debts– Shays + 2000 farmers Shays + 2000 farmers

attack national attack national governmentgovernment

– Wake up call for a strong Wake up call for a strong national governmentnational government

The Annapolis ConventionThe Annapolis Convention– September 11, 1786September 11, 1786– 5/13 states sent delegates5/13 states sent delegates– Alexander Hamilton (NY) and James Alexander Hamilton (NY) and James

Madison (VA) favored strong federal Madison (VA) favored strong federal governmentgovernment

– NationalistsNationalists - favor strong central - favor strong central governmentgovernment

– Decide to meet in May, 1787 to Decide to meet in May, 1787 to revise the Articles of Confederationrevise the Articles of Confederation

Creating the Creating the ConstitutionConstitution Who Were the Delegates?Who Were the Delegates?

– 55 delegates, relatively young55 delegates, relatively young– 33 in the legal profession33 in the legal profession– Half were college grads (1% of the Half were college grads (1% of the

nation)nation)– 7 former chief executives of their 7 former chief executives of their

states; 8 businessmen; 6 large states; 8 businessmen; 6 large plantation owners; 3 physiciansplantation owners; 3 physicians

– 116 days116 days

Virginia PlanVirginia Plan– Bicameral legislatureBicameral legislature

Lower house chosen by people, upper Lower house chosen by people, upper house chosen by lower househouse chosen by lower house

– National Executive BranchNational Executive Branch– National Court SystemNational Court System– Favored large statesFavored large states

New Jersey PlanNew Jersey Plan– Congress able to regulate trade and Congress able to regulate trade and

impose taxesimpose taxes– Each state has one voteEach state has one vote– Congress is the supreme law of the Congress is the supreme law of the

landland– Executive office elected by CongressExecutive office elected by Congress– Executive office appoints a national Executive office appoints a national

supreme courtsupreme court– Favors small statesFavors small states

Great CompromiseGreat Compromise– House of Representatives is made House of Representatives is made

up of representatives based on a up of representatives based on a states populationstates population

– Senate is made up of 2 members Senate is made up of 2 members from each state regardless of from each state regardless of populationpopulation

SlaverySlavery– Southern delegates wanted to count Southern delegates wanted to count

slaves toward their populationslaves toward their population– Northern delegates did not think Northern delegates did not think

slaves should countslaves should count– 3/5 Compromise 3/5 Compromise – Three/Fifths of – Three/Fifths of

the slaves would be counted toward the slaves would be counted toward populationpopulation

The Final The Final DocumentDocument– The final draft of The final draft of

the Constitution the Constitution was approved on was approved on September 17, September 17, 17871787

Ratifying the Ratifying the ConstitutionConstitution FederalistsFederalists vs. vs. Anti-Anti-

FederalistsFederalists– Constitution was not Constitution was not

automatically put into automatically put into effect, it needed to be effect, it needed to be ratified ratified by a majority of by a majority of the statesthe states

– Federalist Papers Federalist Papers were were published to convince published to convince people of the people of the advantages of a strong advantages of a strong federal governmentfederal government

James Madison

AlexanderHamilton John Jay

– Anti-Federalists supported the Anti-Federalists supported the status quo, the way things werestatus quo, the way things were

– Responded by publishing papers Responded by publishing papers that attacked the that attacked the Federalist PapersFederalist Papers

– Argued that Argued that

citizens would citizens would

lose their lose their

rightsrights

Patrick Henry

Samuel Adams

Constitution Constitution is Ratifiedis Ratified

StateState DateDate ForFor AgainsAgainstt

DelawareDelaware December 7, December 7, 17871787 3030 00

PennsylvaniaPennsylvania December 11, December 11, 17871787 4646 2323

New JerseyNew Jersey December 18, December 18, 17871787 3838 00

GeorgiaGeorgia January 2, 1788January 2, 1788 2626 00

ConnecticutConnecticut January 9, 1788January 9, 1788 128128 4040

MassachusettMassachusettss

February 6, February 6, 17881788 187187 168168

MarylandMaryland April 26, 1788April 26, 1788 6363 1111

South South CarolinaCarolina May 23, 1788May 23, 1788 149149 7373

New New HampshireHampshire June 21, 1788June 21, 1788 5757 4747

VirginiaVirginia June 25, 1788June 25, 1788 8989 7979

New YorkNew York July 26, 1788July 26, 1788 3030 2727

North North CarolinaCarolina

November 21, November 21, 17891789 194194 7777

Rhode IslandRhode Island May 29, 1790May 29, 1790 3434 32 32

We the People of the United We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defense, provide for the common defense, promote the general Welfare, and promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States Constitution for the United States of America.of America.

We the People of the United We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the Tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the common defense, promote the general Welfare, and secure general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this ordain and establish this Constitution for the United Constitution for the United States of America.States of America.

The New GovernmentThe New Government– April 6, 1789, George Washington April 6, 1789, George Washington

elected first president; John Adams elected first president; John Adams – vice president– vice president

– Constitution just as important today Constitution just as important today as it was 200 years agoas it was 200 years ago

– Imitated by over 170 countriesImitated by over 170 countries