CHAPTER 1_Origin of Crude

Outline

1. Overview of the OBE matters Course Learning Objectives Program Learning Objectives 2. 1st topic 3. Direction of this course 4. Activities

Course Learning Outcomes

CO1- Ability to explain the origin and occurrence of crude oil and its important properties and composition.

CO2- Ability to illustrate the overall refinery operations of crude petroleum in converting raw materials to valuable major products.

CO3- Ability to analyze and distinguish specific major processes in petroleum refining and able to justify the health and safety issues arises due to process operation and chemicals used.

Program Learning Outcomes

PLO1: Ability to identify and apply knowledge of mathematics, basic and applied science, engineering fundamentals and specialization to solve including complex engineering problems.

PLO2: Ability to identify, formulate and solve engineering problems, including complex engineering problems, using the principles of mathematics, basic and applied science and engineering fundamentals.

PLO8: Ability to apply the knowledge of safety, health, and the environment and sustainable development issues in specific engineering scenarios.

Topics covered

CHAPTER 1: Origin of crude oil

CHAPTER 2: Crude oil distillation

CHAPTER 3: Refinery feedstock and products

CHAPTER 4: Thermal cracking

CHAPTER 5: Hydrotreating

CHAPTER 6: Catalytic cracking

CHAPTER 7: Hydrocracking

CHAPTER 8: Reforming

CHAPTER 9: Alkylation and isomerization

CHAPTER 10: Future trend of crude oil

Outline of 1st topic

1) Theory of crude oil formation 2) How crude oil is extracted 3) Crude oil composition 4) Physical properties of crude oil 5) Definition of refinery and its schematic

diagram

What is petroleum?

.

Mixture of naturally occuring HC, refined into fuels and petrochemicals.

Also called CRUDE OIL Oily, flammable liquid consist of chemical compound of organic matter

What is natural gas?

Produced in sedimentary rocks together with crude oil. Consisting mainly of methane, CH4 Mixture of: 85% CH4, 10% C2H6, 3% C3H8, C4H10, CO2, H2S, N2 & O2

How there are formed?

How do you extract them?

Classification of crude oil

Differ in viscosity: 1. Field by field 2. The way petroleum composition was formed

Crude oil can be found either: - Lighter and sweet contains higher % of HC is more profitable

as fuel source. - Denser and sour less flammable level of HC & high S are

expensive to refine into fuel (suitable for plastic manufacturing)

Basic of crude oil

Crude oil consists of: - Hydrogen+carbon hydrocarbons - Other elements like sulfur, nitrogen and various metals.

Crude oil composition

- 3 general categories of hydrocarbon in crude oil:

1. Paraffins – saturated HCs 2. Naphthenes – cycloparafins 3. Aromatics – contains 1 or more benzene rings

- Non-hydrocarbon compounds: Sulfur compound Oxygen compound Metallic compound Salts

Paraffin Consist of straight or branched carbon rings saturated with

hydrogen atoms, the simplest of which is methane (CH4) the main ingredient of natural gas. Other name: Alkane.

Hydrocarbon compound

Naphthenes Consist of carbon rings, sometimes with side chains, saturated

with hydrogen atoms. Chemically stable, they occur naturally in crude oil and have

properties similar to paraffins. Other name: Cycloalkane.


Aromatic Contain a ring of six carbon atoms with alternating double

and single bonds and six attached hydrogen atoms. The simplest aromatic compound are benzene, toluene and

xylene. Important petrochemical intermediates & valuable

component for gasoline


Sulfur Compounds. Present in crude oil as hydrogen

sulfide (H2S), mercaptans, sulfides, disulfides, thiophenes, etc.) or as elemental sulfur.

Harmful due to its corrosive nature.

Other corrosive substances are elemental sulfur and the combustion of petroleum products containing sulfur compounds produces undesirables such as sulfuric acid and sulfur dioxide.

Non-hydrocarbon compound

Example picture of corroded

Heat Exchanger

Oxygen Compounds Oxygen compounds such as phenols, ketones, and carboxylic

acids occur in crude oils in varying amounts. Their presence in petroleum stream is not poisonous to

processing catalyst


Metallic Compounds Metals, including nickel, iron, and vanadium found in crude

oils in small quantities. Presence either as inorganic salts (NaCl , Mg2Cl3) or

organometallic cmpds (Ni or V).

It is also desirable to remove trace amounts of arsenic, vanadium, and nickel prior to processing as they can poison certain catalysts.

When crude oil is processed, salts can form soap with carboxylic acid very corrosive!


Salt Contain inorganic salts such as sodium chloride, magnesium

chloride, and calcium chloride in suspension or dissolved in entrained water (brine).

These salts must be removed or neutralized before processing to prevent catalyst poisoning, equipment corrosion, and fouling.

Salt corrosion is caused by: ◦ the hydrolysis of some metal chlorides to hydrogen chloride

(HCl) and ◦ the subsequent formation of hydrochloric acid when crude is

heated.


Summary of crude oil composition

(1) Density is the mass of liquid per unit volume at specific

temperature;

(2) Specific gravity is the ratio of the weight of a given V to the weight of the same V of water measured at same T.

(3) Viscosity indicates the ease of (or more correctly the resistance to) flow.

The important physical properties of petroleum are :

Physical Properties of Petroleum Fluids

API gravity is defined as:-

“a measure of the lightness or heaviness of petroleum that is related to density and specific gravity.”

Another way to express relative masses of crude oil.

A low API gravity heavier crude oil or a petroleum product

while a higher API gravity a lighter crude or product.

Specific gravities of crude oils roughly range from 0.82 for lighter crudes to over 1.0 for heavier.

What is API Gravity?

The observed reading are always corrected for temperature to 60 °F, by using a prepared table of standard values:-

Sp.Gr. = specific gravity to water at 60°F The API gravity of water is 10° In the field, the API gravity is readily measured using a

calibrated hydrometer

5.13160@..

5.141

FGrSpAPI

API Gravity

API Gravity

°API Classification Specific Gravity

10 – 20

20 – 30

> 30

Heavy oil

Medium oil

Light oil

1.0 – 0.93

0.93 – 0.87

< 0.87

A Rough Classification of Crude Oil Based on The API Gravity

Conclusion : -

°API Specific Gravity = less valuable petroleum

°API Specific Gravity = more valuable petroleum

Products made from a barrel of crude oil (gallons)

Petroleum refinery is an organized and coordinated

arrangement of manufacturing processes designed to produce physical and chemical changes in crude oil to convert it into everyday usable finished products like petrol, diesel, lubricating oil, fuel oil and bitumen.

What is refinery?

Petroleum Refinery Schematic

Separation Conversion Finishing

Catalytic isomerization

Desalting

Atmospheric distillation

Vacuum distillation

Gas

Light naphtha

Heavy naphtha

Kerosene

Gas oil

Light vacuum gas oil

Heavy vacuum gas oil

Dewaxing

Solvent deasphalthing

ADR

VDR

Crude oil

Catalytic reforming

Fluid catalytic cracking

Hydrocracking

Visbreaking

Coking

Alkylation Polymerization

Gas sweetening, blending

Light distillate sweetening,

hydrotreatment or blending

Middle distillate sweetening,


Heavy distillate sweetening,


Separation Conversion Finishing

Catalytic isomerization

Desalting

Atmospheric distillation

Vacuum distillation

Gas

Light naphtha

Heavy naphtha

Kerosene

Gas oil

Light vacuum gas oil

Heavy vacuum gas oil

Dewaxing

Solvent deasphalthing

ADR

VDR

Crude oil

Catalytic reforming

Fluid catalytic cracking

Hydrocracking

Visbreaking

Coking

Alkylation Polymerization

Gas sweetening, blending

Light distillate sweetening,


Middle distillate sweetening,


Heavy distillate sweetening,


CHAPTER 6

CHAPTER 8

CHAPTER 9 Products

CHAPTER 3

Documents

CHAPTER 1_Origin of Crude