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Neziah AglubatPeriod 2
CHAPTER 19
Section 3: The War at Home
1. Congress Gives Power to Wilson
o Issue ofshifting from producing consumer goods to producing
warsupplieso Congress gave Wilson control over much of the economyo
War Industries Board: the main regulatory body; it was established
in 1917 and
reorganized by under the leadership ofBernard M. Baruch, a
prosperous
businessmano Encouraged mass production industrial production
increase by 20%o
Urged companies
to eliminate waste
o Applied price controls at wholesale level increased retail
priceso Tried to conserve fuel by adopting daylight-saving timeo
Wages rose up to 20% in industrieso Rising food costs balanced out
the household incomeo Work hours + child labor + dangerous
conditions union membership nearly
doubled
o National War Labor Board:1) Wilson mandated the Work or Fight
policy2) Worked to improve factory conditions3) Pushed for 8 hour
day, promoted safety inspections, and enforced the child
labor bano Wilson declared some days meatless, sweetless,
wheatless, and porkless to
conserve food
o victory gardens provided for more land for planting Allies
food shipmenttripled
2. Selling the War
o $35.5 billiono 1/3 of total raised were through taxeso War
bondso Propaganda: a kind of biased communication designed to
influence peoples
thoughts and actionso CPI (Committee on Public Information):
propaganda agencyo George Creel: the head of the CPI; a former
muckraking journalist. He persuaded
people to promote the war through art
o Four-Minute Men: recruited by Creel to speak about everything
relating to thewar
o Creels propaganda campaign was highly effective
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3. Attacks on Civil Liberties Increase
o 2 million German-Americans were furiouso Government propaganda
helped inflame prejudice against recent German-
American immigrants
o Renamed German streets, foods, towns, etc. (i.e. Sauerkraut
Liberty Cabbage)o E
spionage and Sedition Acts: a person could be fined up to
$10,000 and
sentenced to 20 years in jail for interfering with the war
effort or forsayinganything disloyal, profane, or abusive about the
government or the war effort
o Violated First Amendment Rightso Targeted socialists and labor
leaders
4. The War Encourages Social Change
o Du Bois believed that African-American support for the war
would strengthencalls for racial justice
o Trotter believed victims of racism should not support a racist
governmento Most African-Americans backed the waro
The Great Migration: the large-scale movement of hundred
sof thou
sand
sofSouthern blacks to cities in the North
1) Blackssought to escape racial discrimination in the South2)
Floods and droughts3) More job opportunities in the North4) Free
railroad passes
o Women took jobs that previous men before the war occupiedo
Volunteer nurses at Red Cross
Helped bolstersupport for woman suffrage Helped pass the 19th
amendment allowing women to vote ofU.S. population affected
o Nobody knew how to react to the deadly illnesso Spread even
faster in the armyo 500,000 Americans killed; 30 million worldwideo
Ended in 1919
SECTION 4: Wilson Fights for Peace
1. Wilson Presents His Plan
o In Europe, Wilson was welcomed as a hero.o On January 18,
1918, he delivered his Fourteen Pointsspeech before Congress.o
Fourteen Points:
1. There should be no secret treaties among nations.2. Freedom
of the seasshould be maintained for all3. Tariffs and other
economic barriers among nationsshould be lowered or
abolished in order to foster free trade.
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4. Armsshould be reduced to the lowest point consistent with
domesticsafety, thus lessening the possibility of military
responses during
diplomatic crises.5. Colonial policiesshould consider the
interests of the colonial peoples as
well were the interests of the imperialist powers.
oThe next eight point
sdealt with boundary change
s.
o The fourteenth point called for the creation of an
international organization toaddress diplomatic crises like those
that sparked the war. This League of Nations
would provide a forum for nations to discuss and settle their
grievances w/oresorting to war.
o Georges Clemenceau: French premiero David Lloyd George:
British Prime Minister. (make Germany Pay)o Central Powers werent
included.o The Big Four worked out the treaty on their own.
2. Debating the Treaty of Versailles
o On June 28, 1919, the big four and the defeated countrie
sgathered in the PalaceofVersailles to sign the peace
treaty.
o Treaty of Versailles; established new nations. (Poland,
Czechoslovakia, andYugoslavia) barred Germany from maintaining an
army.
o Forced Germany to pay reparations to countries.o reparations:
war damages.o This treatment of Germany weakened the ability of the
Treaty to keep peace in
Europe.
o War-guilt clause: a provision of the treaty in which Germany
wassolelyresponsible for WWI.
o Germany wasstripped of its colonial possession in the Pacific,
which might havehelped it pay its reparations bill.
o Henry Cabot Lodge: conservative senator, suspicious of the
provision for jointeconomics
o They wanted the constitutional right of Congress to declare
war included in thetreaty.
o The US never joined the League of Nations, but it maintained
an unofficialobserver at League meetings.
o Before Wilsons death, he went around the US urging to join the
League ofNations.
