Chapter 19 – Section 1East Africa

Birthplace of Humans• “Cradle of Humanity” due to large number of prehistoric human

remains found here.

• Olduvai Gorge has the most continuous known record of humanity over the past 2 million years.

• 1959 – Mary and Louis Leakey discovered the fossils of Homo habilis, the first early humans (hominids) to make stone tools.

Crash Course Big HistoryHuman Evolution

Civilizations and Trade• Aksum was an important civilization and major trading

center in the 100s AD (Egypt & Rome).

• 1300s - More trading cities developed, Kilwa city

• Movement of goods, ideas and people made East Africa a cultural crossroads.

Colonization• 19th Century – Europe’s industrialized nations need raw materials, but

didn’t want to fight over Africa or its resources.

• Berlin Conference in 1884-1885, European nations made rules for dividing Africa. No African rulers were invited. • By 1914, only Liberia and Ethiopia were free from European control

• Ethiopia escaped colonization because their emperor, Menelik II, protected his country from invading Italy.

Conflict• Colonial borders created ethnic tensions that did not exist before

colonialism.

• Set boundaries that combined enemies, and divided others who were not.

• 1970s – most of East Africa regained its independence, but civil wars became a serious problem.

• 1990s – Rwanda experienced a bloody conflict from colonialism.• Hutus and Tutsi ethnic groups fought

• One cause of these problems is that European rulers did not prepare colonized nations for independence.

• Ethnic boundaries created by colonists forced cultural divisions which caused internal conflicts among native groups.

Farming• Over 70% rural

• Countries rely on cash crops, crops grown for direct sale which bring in revenue.

• Relying on this can be risky as prices vary.

• Strain on agricultural production as people move to cities.

Tourism• 1938 – Europeans created game reserves.

• Wildlife parks generate millions of dollars.• Conflict over use of the land for parks or farming.

• Population growth creates need for more land for food.

Traditional Cultures• More than 160 ethnic groups

• Masai live in the grasslands of the rift valleys in Kenya and Tanzania; herd livestock and farm.

• Kikuyu are the largest ethnic group in Kenya, 6.6 million; created and led the Mau Mau rebellion against the British during colonization.

Health Care• Most critical problem is AIDS; caused by HIV; people can carry HIV for

years without knowing it. • Up to 20% of the population

• Pandemic is an uncontrollable outbreak of a disease affecting a large population over a wide geographic area.

• AIDS education is increasing; some governments hide the scope of AIDS.

Chapter 19 – Section 2North Africa

Nile River Valley• Nile made great ancient civilization of Egypt possible.

• 3300 BC – people lived in small farming villages with their own traditions.

• 3100 BC – Narmer, a strong king, united all of Egypt (upper & lower) and established the 1st Egyptian dynasty.

• History spanned 2,600 years and around 30 dynasties.

Crash Course World HistoryAncient Egypt

Religion• Islam is a monotheistic religion based on the teachings of the prophet

Muhammad.

• 632 AD – Islam began to spread through trade and conquest; language and culture spread too.

• 634 – Muslim armies swept into lower Egypt (Byzantine Empire).

• 750 – Controlled most of North Africa; bound by sea trading networks.

Economics• Started with agriculture; evolved into cash crops and mining.

• Oil has transformed North African countries; major export.

• Problem: labor force cannot meet the demand of oil industry and many high paying job are given to foreign workers.

Souks• Marketplaces are very common; located in the medina (old section) of

town/city.

• Narrow, winding streets with tents selling lots of goods for sale.

Protest Music• Algeria is home to rai, music developed in the 1920s by poor urban

children.

• Initially carefree and center around the youth, it changed to communicate resentment toward the French colonizers.

• 1990s – After independence it was criticized by Islamic fundamentalists its western style, now it’s a form of rebellion against them.

Women• Women’s roles are changing; more professional jobs; parliamentary

seats

• Tunisia: Polygamy is abolished; penalties for spousal abuse; no preteen arranged marriages; equal pay for women.

Chapter 19 – Section 3West Africa

Slave Trade• Gorée Island is off the coast of Senegal and was a point for exporting

slaves.

• 1500s – mid 1800s: Europeans transported over 20 million slaves through this port.

• Packed into slave ships; 20% of all Africans died on the transatlantic voyage.

Horrendous Conditions

Crash Course World HistoryThe Atlantic Slave Trade

Carthage• A great city in ancient Africa; founded by a Phoenician queen; its

location on the Gulf of Tunis in the Mediterranean Sea allowed it to become a trading/commercial force for hundreds of years.

Carthage Empire

Trading Empires• Empires of Ghana, Mali & Songhai thrived well in West Africa due to their locations

on trade routes. (gold & salt)

• 800 AD – Sonike farmers grew rich from taxing traders that passed through their territory. Called their leader Ghana (war chief). Ghana became an empire, but declined in power at the end of the 11th century.

• 1235 AD – Kingdom of Mali emerged. First great leader, Sundiata, conquered Ghana. Promoted agriculture and reestablished gold and salt trade. Mansa Musa was another great leader and increased the empire’s wealth.

• 1400 – Songhai empire defeated Mali, but was defeated by an invading Moroccan army in 1564.

Ghana Empire

Mali Empire

Songhai Empire

Crash Course World HistoryMansa Musa and Islam

Stateless Society• People rely on family lineages to govern themselves, rather than an

elected government or a monarch. Cooperate and share power.

• Faced challenges during colonization because European colonizers expected one person to rule the society.

Economy• Sell products to industrialized countries in Europe, Asia and North

Africa.

• Ghana: gold, diamonds, magnesium and bauxite; 1,900 per capita income

• Sierra Leone: bad economy due to years of civil wars; 31% literacy rate creates a shortage of skilled workers; poor infrastructure.

Culture• Ashanti live in Ghana; known for weaving colorful asasia AKA kente

cloth; geometric figures with specific meaning.

• Masks, wooden stools: symbolize unity between ancestral spirits and the living family. Fathers give their sons a stool as their 1st present.

• Benin art (arose in 1200s Nigeria) is made from brass and terra cota; called Benin “bronzes” – statues, masks, jewelry and the Queen mother.

Chapter 19 – Section 4Central Africa

Bantu Migrations• Bantu are the people who speak one of the Bantu languages

• 2000 BC – migrated southward throughout Africa spreading their language and culture

• Key event that produced diverse cultures and links the continent together.

• 120 Million Africans speak a Bantu language

Slave Trade• 15th Century – Portugal established a base on the island of São Tomé.

• Europeans traders waited on the coasts and African merchants brought them potential slaves.

• African Rulers had been selling slaves to other rulers and Arabs.

Colonialism• Mid-1800s – King Leopold II of Belgium opened the African interior to

European trade along the Congo River; before Europeans stayed close to the coasts.

• Led the way for the Berlin Conference

• Used forced labor to gather rubber, palm oil and ivory.

Effects• 19th/20th Centuries – Colonizers imposed borders disrupted traditional

governments and ethnic regions.

• Europeans installed centralized governments that destroyed stateless societies’ traditions.

• 1960s – After colonization ended, new African governments were inexperienced; lots of corruption and ethnic tensions.

• Economy is still recovering; loss of resources; disruption of political systems; cultural & ethnic oppression.

• Europeans didn’t invest in African infrastructure; goal was removal of raw materials.

Mobutu Sese Seko• 1967-1997 - Leader of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

• Brought country’s businesses under government control; accepted kickbacks; used army to maintain power

• Economy, education and social structure began a rapid decline

• New leader, Laurent Kabila, brought more violence; by 1999 neighboring nations were fighting to control DRC

• 2001 – Kabila is assassinated and his son was elected president; struggled for political stability.

Crash Course World HistoryCongo and Africa’s World War

Art• 20th Century – reflected attitudes towards colonialism

• After independence in the 1960s, art shifted to focus on African identities

• Mobutu banned Western influences in art; Congolese culture

• Fang Sculpture are artworks (wooden carvings) created by the Fang people; inspired Pablo Picasso in 1907

Education• Improving education to produce more skilled workers

• Less than 50% of kids 16-20 attend school; teacher & school shortages; high dropout rates; language conflicts

• Increasing knowledge about healthcare and disease

Chapter 19 – Section 5Southern Africa

History• 1000 AD – Shona established a city called Great Zimbabwe.

• 1200s-1400s – GZ became capital trading city for gold

• 1450 – for unknown reasons the Shona abandoned it; theorize that cattle grazing exhausted grasslands and over farming ruined the soil.

Mutapa Empire• Local legend – 1440 a man, Mutota, left the Great Zimbabwe and

founded a new empire.

• 1500s – thriving with gold trade; Portugal interfered with politics and the empire began to decline

Ethnic Clash• 1700s-1800s – Europeans migrate into southern Africa and fight local ethnic

groups for control of the land.

• The Zulu controlled large areas, but were defeated by the British and lost their land.

• 1890s – British battle Dutch farmers (Boers) who had been in the region since the mid 1600s for control of the region. British won and formed the Union of South Africa in 1902.

Boers

Johannesburg, South Africa

City Life• Johannesburg started as a small mining town but has become a major

metropolitan area. Over 6 million people with diverse backgrounds. • Issue: due to apartheid there is a wealthy white area and poor black area.

• People have a range of jobs and professions, but due to apartheid, many blacks do not get higher skilled job due to poor education.

Racism• 1948 – white minority government of South Africa instituted a policy

of apartheid; complete separation of the races (black & white).

• Banned social contact; separate schools, hospitals and neighborhoods.

• Although 75% of the population, blacks received a small percentage of land; government gave whites the best land.

• 1912 – blacks founded the African National Congress (ANC) to fight for their rights.

• 1949 – Nelson Mandela, an ANC leader, led the struggle to end apartheid. He was imprisoned.

• 1980s – world nations pressure South Africa to end apartheid. In ‘89, F.W. de Klerk became president.

• Peaceful revolution under his leadership; ended apartheid.

• 1996 – Nelson Mandela becomes president and passes a new democratic constitution guaranteeing all their rights as citizens.

Nelson Mandela

Economics• Apartheid hurt South Africa economically; foreign nations prevented

countries from doing business with them.

• Poor education for blacks created a large group of uneducated young people resulting in 2 economies.

• Upper-middle income economy in some areas like the US with modern cities, but also have areas of terrible poverty with shantytowns. Unequal land distribution.

AIDS• Zimbabwe and Botswana over 25% of adults are infected with HIV.

• Life expectancy was 60 years old in 1994, but dropped to only 39 in 1999.

Cultural Dances• Chewa people perform a traditional religious dance called the gule

wamkulu. Wear costumes of animals skins, rags and animal masks.

• Tumbuka people perform the vimbuza, performed by healers to cure sickness.

• Yao people perform the benji dance, warriors poke fun at European militaries marches and parades.

• Madagascar, during the hira gasy festival, performers praise honesty and respect for elders.

ChewaTumbuka