Chapter 19

Protest and Reform

Print Technology

http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/exhibitions/permanent/gutenberg/html/2a.html

Medieval scriptorium: During the Middle Ages, manuscript books were produced by monks who worked with pen and ink in a copying room known as a scriptorium. Even a small book could take months to complete, and a book the size of the Bible could take several years.

Johannez Gutenberg1400-1468

http://www.uh.edu/engines/printer.jpg

A modern recreation of Gutenberg's type.

http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/exhibitions/permanent/gutenberg/html/4b.html

Food for Thought

•What are the effects of printing?

(Fiero 467)

Christian Humanism

Italian Renaissance

Northern Renaissance

Humanism Christian Humanism

Studied classical/secular texts

Studied early Christian manuscripts

Erasmus •1466-1536•The Prince of Humanistshttp://smith2.sewanee.edu/erasmus

/holberas.jpeg

•The Protestant Reformation: Martin Luther John Calvin •The English Reformation: Henry VIII•The Catholic Reformation: Council of Trent Loyola: the Jesuits

The Protestant Reformation

Thomas a Kempis• 1380-1471• Wrote Imitatio Christi (Imitation o

f Christ)• Devotio moderna (modern devoti

on)• Lay Brothers and Sisters of the Co

mmon Life

Martin Luther •1483-1546

•1517: Ninety-Five Theses

http://www.covenanter.org/Luther/luther.jpg

Questions

•(1) Why did he break with Rome?•(2) Why did large numbers of

Germans rally to his cause?•(3) Why did German princes

decide to establish Lutheran religious practices within their territories?

Causes (1)•Church corruption: selling indulgences appointing one’s relatives to

offices bishops pursuing personal

wealth the clergy’s sexual indulgence

Causes (2)•Theological disputes: Augustinian over Thomistic predestination good wor

ks justification by faith alone

Luther’s Three Premises

•(1) justification by faith •(2) the primacy of Scripture

•(3) the priesthood of all believers

Effects (1)•In 1521, the Diet of Worms declared Luther a heretic, but Frederick the Wise took Luther under his wings.

Effects (2)•Luther gained the support of the German populace because of their fervent nationalism.

Effects (3)•A great number of German princes supported Luther because they were in search of state sovereignty.

Social Ideology: Conservatism

Against peasants’ revolts: • “[Anyone] who can be proved to be a

seditious person is an outlaw before God and the emperor; and whoever is the first to put him to death does right and well.”

• “[Baptism] does not make men free in body and property, but in soul . . .”

--From Against the Thievish, Murderous Hordes of Peasants (1525)

Social Ideology: Conservatism

Against the Jews:• “First, their synagogues or churches sh

ould be set on fire . . . . Secondly, their homes should likewise be broken down and destroyed . . . . Thirdly, they should be deprived of their prayerbooks and Talmuds in which such idolatry, lies, cursing and blasphemy are taught . . . .”

• From On the Jews and Their Lies (1543)

John Calvin 1509-1564Differences from Luther:

1. advocated aggressive Christian conduct2. more legalistic; closer to an OT faith

3. insisted on eliminating all traces of church hierarchy and keeping the barest simplicity in church services.

Calvin’s Geneva• A theocratic government: Elders of the Calvinist church

governed the city and imposed strict discipline in dress, sexual mores, church attendance, and business affairs; they severely punished irreligious and sinful behavior.

Spread of Protestantism

Spread of Protestantism

•1520s: Lutheranism became state religion in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden

•1534: England broke with Rome

Spread of Protestantism

•1541: Geneva adopted theocratic government based on Calvinism.

•1540-1560s: Calvinism spread to Scotland, England, Netherlands, and France

The English Reformation

Henry VIII• 1509-1547• Political considerations, not

theological differences: Broke with Rome because the pope refused to annul his first marriage.

• 1534: In the Act of Supremacy, the parliament declared him supreme head of the Church of England.

Elizabeth I• 1558-1603• 1559: the Elizabethan

compromise 1) In favor of Protestantism 2) Retained church

government by bishops

The Catholic Reformation

The Counter-Reformation

1534-90 Counter-Reformation popes

1534 Loyola founded the Jesuits

1545-63 Council of Trent1564 Index of Prohibited

Books

Council of Trent

1) to reform the church: Unified church doctrine Abolished corruption Confirmed papal authority

Council of Trent

2) to confront the Protestant challenge:

Insisted on the integration of both faith and good works in the process of salvation. Emphasized spiritual renewal through faith, prayer, and religious ceremony.

Sterner Means of Control• The Inquisition: the church court dealing

with heretics• Censorship: Index of Prohibited Books

Ignatius Loyola 1491- 1556

Founded the Society of Jesus,

or the Jesuits

The Jesuits1) Took an oath of strict

obedience to the pope2) Espoused a life of active

service in the world3) Committed to education

and missionary work

The End