McGraw-Hill © 2003, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

CriminalInvestigation

Swanson • Chamelin • Territo

eighth edition

NINETEEN

Recognition, Control, and Investigation of Drug Abuse

McGraw-Hill © 2003, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

• Identify and describe several opium‑derived drugs• List and describe synthetic narcotics• Identify and distinguish among stimulants, depressants,

and hallucinogens• Outline techniques used in investigating dangerous

drugs and narcotics• Assess the motives, methods, and management of drug

informants • Describe the process of identifying and conducting raids

on clandestine labs• Explain the type of information necessary to establish

probable cause and obtain search warrants• Be familiar with drug evidence handling and potential

security problems

19-1

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OPIUM-DERIVED DRUGS

• Opium – One of the first drugs of abuse was opium

• Morphine – Morphine is obtained from raw opium

• Heroin (Diacetylmorphine) – Heroin was found to be considerably stronger than

morphine in 1890

19-2(a)

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OPIUM-DERIVED DRUGS (cont'd)

• Codeine – The alkaloid codeine is found in raw opium in

concentrations from 0.7 to 2.3 percent. It was first isolated in 1832 as an impurity in a batch of morphine.

• Other Opium Derivatives – Other opium derivatives abused and stolen from

pharmacies, hospitals, and physicians are Dilaudid, Papaverine, and Pantopon.

19-2(b)

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HEROIN FILLED LATEX BALLOONS

• Heroin is smuggled into the U.S. in a variety of ways

• Drug couriers often swallow heroin filled balloons before boarding commercial planes

• Most heroin is smuggled into the U.S. from Columbia

19-3

(Courtesy Drug Enforcement Administration)

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SYNTHETIC NARCOTICS

• Synthetic narcotics, though chemically related to the opium alkaloids, are produced entirely within the laboratory

• Meperidine (Pethidine) – The commercial name for meperidine is Demerol, and

it was the first synthetic narcotic• Methadone

– A heroin-dependent person can be treated with doses of methadone as a replacement for heroin

19-4

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STIMULANTS

• Drugs falling into the stimulants group directly stimulate the central nervous system

• Cocaine – Cocaine is a naturally occurring stimulant that is

extracted from the leaves of the coca plant (Erythroxylon coca)

• Amphetamines – Amphetamine, dextroamphetamine, and

methamphetamine are closely related chemically

19-5(a)

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STIMULANTS (cont'd)

• Phenmetrazine (Preludin), Methylphenidate (Ritalin), and Pemoline (Cylert)– Phenmetrazine is related chemically to the

amphetamines, and its abuse produces similar effects• Crystalized Methamphetamine

– Crystalized methamphetamine, better known as crystal meth and speed during the 1960s and 1970s

• Methcathinone – Methcathinone, called cat or goob, is a pyschomotor

stimulant with a chemical structure similar to methamphetamine

19-5(b)

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POWDERED COCAINE• Cocaine is a naturally occurring stimulant• It is extracted from the leaves of coca plants• The powder is often adultered at each level of

sale by drug dealers

19-6(Courtesy Drug Enforcement Administration)

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COCAINE TRAFFICKING PATTERNS

• Drug dealing is an international business

• Much of the illegal cocaine arriving in the U.S. is smuggled in from countries in South America

• The Drug Enforcement Administration seeks assistance from foreign police officials in its war on drugs

19-7

(Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice)

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KILO PACKAGES OF COCAINE

• Cocaine may be smuggled into the U.S. in single batches

• Lower-level drug dealers adulterate or “cut” the cocaine before re-sale

• The cutting process increases the profits for the dealers

19-8(Courtesy Drug Enforcement Administration)

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DEPRESSANTS (SEDATIVES)

• Glutethimide (Doriden) • Depressants of sedatives depress the central

nervous system and are prescribed in small doses to reduce restlessness and emotional tension and to induce sleep– When introduced in 1954 glutethimide was wrongly

believed to be a nonaddictive barbiturate substitute• Methaqualone

– Methaqualone was at one time very popular in the United States but has since been removed from the market

19-9(a)

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DEPRESSANTS (SEDATIVES) (cont'd)

• Meprobamate – First synthesized in 1960 as a mild tranquilizer,

meprobamate is distributed in the nited States under the generic brand name

• OxyContin – Another powerful narcotic that is presently sold legally

is OxyContin

19-9(b)

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HALLUCINOGENS

• The hallucinogenic drugs, natural or synthetic, distort perception of objective reality.

• Phencyclidine (PCP) – Phencyclidine, commonly called PCP, in

pharmaceutically pure form is a solid white powder• Methylenedioxy Methamphetamine (MDMA)

– Commonly known as MDMA or “ecstasy,” is a bitter white power

• Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD 25)– LSD is a semisynthetic compound produced from

lysergic acid. An average does of 30 to 50 microgramsCabout the size of a pinpointCwill take the user on a “trip” lasting 10 to 12 hours

19-10(a)

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HALLUCINOGENS (cont'd)

• Mescaline (Peyote) – The primary active ingredient of the peyote cactus is

the hallucinogen mescaline• Psilocybin and Psilocyn

– Psilocybin and psilocyn are obtained from mushrooms generally grown in Mexico

• Marijuana – Marijuana is made by crushing or chopping the dried

leaves and flowers of the plant into small pieces– The cleaned or manicured leaves are then rolled into

a cigarette and smoked

19-10(b)

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HALLUCINOGENS (cont'd)

• Hashish – Hashish is processed by drying to produce a drug

several times as potent as marijuana• Hashish Oil

– Liquid hashish is produced by concentrating THC• Ketamine

– Ketamine hydrochloride is a synthetic drug and is an anesthetic agent that has legitimate uses

19-10(c)

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KETAMINE

• Ketamine is a synthetic drug• It was developed as an anesthetic agent in the

1960s• Today its use has been associated with all night

parties called “raves”

19-11(Courtesy Sergeant Christopher McKissick and Detective Tyler Parks, Port Orange, Florida, Police Department)

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INVESTIGATIVE PROCEDURES

• Most of the techniques used in investigating dangerous-drug and narcotics cases are the same as those used in investigating other cases; however there are some unique procedures.

• The Purchase – One important aspect is identification of the source. It

is desirable to make more than one direct purchase from a seller, if possible.

• The Apprehension – All arrests should be as unobtrusive as possible to

prevent them from becoming common knowledge on the street

19-12

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DRUG INFORMANTS: MOTIVES, METHODS, AND MANAGEMENT

• Informants: Motivations and Types – Problem Informants. Some informants have

personalities that make them difficult, if not impossible, to manage.

– Egotistical Informants. Investigators who provide positive reinforcement motivate egotistical informants to continue supplying information.

– Informants with the James Bond Syndrome. While working as informants, they imagine themselves in a police of spy drama.

19-13(a)

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DRUG INFORMANTS: MOTIVES, METHODS, AND MANAGEMENT (cont'd)

– Wannabe Informants. They now seek to become involved in law enforcement as informants.

– Perversely Motivated Informants. These informants offer their services in order to identify undercover agents.

– Restricted-Use Informants. By virtue of their criminal background or other status, these pose special management challenges.

19-12(b)

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OFFICER TALKING TO DRUG DEALER INFORMANT

• Informants in drug enforcement are unique• Investigators must know what motivates them• The informants must be carefully managed

19-13© Bonnie Kamin

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DEPARTMENT POLICY REGARDING MANAGING INFORMANTS

• Agencies should not leave the management of drug informants exclusively to investigators

• Formulating a written policy ensures consistency in the use and management of CIs and serves as a guide for inexperienced investigators– The Informant File. This file is used to document

every encounter

19-14(a)

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DEPARTMENT POLICY REGARDING MANAGING INFORMANTS (cont'd)

• Phenmetrazine (Preludin), Methylphenidate (Ritalin), and Pemoline (Cylert)– Phenmetrazine is related chemically to the

amphetamines, and its abuse produces similar effects.

– Investigator-Informant Contact Procedures. The department must establish investigator-informant contact procedures and train employees in their use.

– Informant Payments. Payments to CIs can be divided into two distinct categoriesCawards and rewards.

19-14(b)

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CLANDESTINE DRUG LABORATORIES

• Illicit operations that produce a variety of illegal drugs for sale and distribution; due to the chemicals, processes used, and workers= inexperience, pose serious danger to police and firefighters, as well as the public.

• Clandestine drug laboratories throughout the United States produce a variety of illegal drugs for sale and distribution.

• Clandestine laboratory operations are typically identified in several ways: – fire investigations– information from informants– tips from the community

19-15

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METH LABS

• Illegal laboratories that manufacture methamphetamine; range from industrial-size organizations to one-person tweeker labs, with prevalence skyrocketing due to availability of “recipes” and chemicals via the Internet

19-16

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METH LABS• Meth labs are one of the fastest-growing types of

clandestine labs today• Some dealers have developed small labs that can

produce quantities from one ounce to one pound• These small labs create significant problems for law

enforcement

19-17(Courtesy Drug Enforcement Administration)

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CONDUCTING A LABORATORY RAID

• Conducting a raid on an occupied laboratory requires careful planning.

• Normally, a planning meeting involves: – the police tactical unit – bomb squad – hazardous-material or chemical-waste disposal

personnel– a chemist – and the fire department representatives

19-18

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METH LAB RAID• The methamphetamine cooking process is dangerous

due to fumes and volatility of ingredients• After the scene is secured the assessment team (as

shown) enters• Team members wear special protector equipment and

breathing gear

19-19(Courtesy Detective David Street, Riverside County, California, Sheriff’s Department)

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SEARCH WARRANTS AND PROBABLE CAUSE

• Officers engaged in drug enforcement must understand the legal elements necessary to constitute probable cause for obtaining search warrants.– Law Enforcement Background of the Warrant

Applicant – Past Reliability of the Confidential Informant– Information Supplied by the Informant– Corroboration of the Information Supplied

19-20

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EVIDENCE HANDLING AND SECURITY PROBLEMS

• Aside from the burglaries, larcenies, and other crimes committed because of narcotics, there are additional related problems sprouting from the drug-culture vine

• Some of these involve the police officers= integrity

19-21(a)

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EVIDENCE HANDLING AND SECURITY PROBLEMS (cont'd)

• The handling and securing of narcotics and dangerous drugs after they are collected and seized, has emerged as an area of growing concern

• The evidence must be protected against loss from the outside and sometimes from inside the police agency

19-21(b)