Chapter 19 Industrial environmental

management and ecological industry

19.1 Industrial environmental pollution

19.2 Cleaner production

19.3 Circular economy and ecological industry

19.4 Case study

19.1 Industrial environmental pollution

19.1.1 Characteristics of industrial environmental

pollution

High concentration of pollutants

Complicated composition, strong toxicity and not easy to

be purified.

With color or peculiar smell

The changes of the pollutants’ discharge amount and

characteristic is big

19.1.2 Comprehensive prevention and control strategy of industrial pollution

Change the traditional development strategy, and take

sustainable development

Adjust the industry and energy structure,and optimize

industrial layout under considering the pollution prevention and

environment constraints.

Establish a modern enterprise system, and strengthen

environment management

Strengthen the leading role of each level government,and

develop the regulatory function of the market

19.2 Cleaner production

19.2.1 The concept of cleaner production

The new idea, which overall prevention environment strategy

will be consistently applied to production processes, products

and services to increase eco-efficiency and reduce the risks of

human and environment

Aim 

The reasonable effective use of natural resources Reduction of waste and pollutantSustainable development of national economy

19.2.2 Main way of implementation of cleaner

production Comprehensive utilization of resources

Reform process and equipment, develop new process

Establish closed production line to have material recycling

Improve product design and adjust product structure

Develop environmental protection technology and improve the necessary end treatment

Strengthen scientific management

19.2.3 Cleaner production audit Stage of preparation

Stage of audit

Stage of formulating plans

Stage of implement the program

Leadership make the decision and organize the work team making plans, mobilizing and preparing the training things

Determine the audit object, set the goal of cleaner production and implement the audit

Overall arrange, implemente as planed ,estimate the result of cleaner production program,make the follow-up plan

19.2.4 Assessment method of cleaner production

Basic indicators: the main material consumption and emission levels which occurs from producing the goods in output per unit Special indexes: special aspects of the impact of certain technology’s environmental performance or the aspect which may have a serious accident in potential ,which the basic indicators is not able to concern.Extended indicators: study some features of the product life beyond the production stage

 technical evaluation

 economic evaluation

Environmental evaluation

Assessment of cleaner production

19.2.5 ISO14000

Table 19-1 The component of ISO14000 series standards sub-

committee Topic Standard No

SC1 EMS 14001-14009

SC2 EA 14010-14019

SC3 EL 14020-14029

SC4 EPE 14030-14039

SC5 LCA 14040-14049

SC6 T&D 14050-14059

WG1 Environmental indicator of product standard

14060

 Reserve

14061-14100

1.Component

Figure 19-1 ISO14000 series standards relationship

ISO14000series standards

Basic standards

Method standard

Basic standards

Life cycle assessment standards

Terms and definitions, the environmental factors of product standard

Evaluation organization

Evaluation products

Environment standards

Environmental management system standard, environment audit

standard and environmental behavior evaluation standard

2. The significance of implement of ISO14000 series

standard by industrial enterprises

Provide the enterprises primary tool to strengthen the basis

management and environment management

Improve the products’ competitiveness and reputation in

the international market

Reduce non-tariff trade barriers, and accelerate China's

economy to fit the pace of world economy

The characteristics of ISO14000 standard

Authority

Wide applicability

The principle of voluntary

Emphasize pollution prevention and continuous

improvement

Emphasize the continuous compliance of laws and

regulations,but does not make specific regulation

to environment behavior.

Emphasize the holistic management system

3. The audit method of environmental management system

The audit of environmental management system

Objectively obtain evidence to evaluate ,to jude whether an

organization's environment management system comply with the

documented and systematic verification process of environment

management system audit criteria ,and the audit result will be

reported to the truster.

Generally,environmental management system audit criteria

have three parts as follows:ISO14001 standard

The environment standard management system document established by the

auditee

Environment laws, regulations and other requirements which is adapted to

the auditee

The review process is closely around the following basic problems: Whether the environmental management system is perfect

Whether the activity of environmental management system is

correct.

Whether the implementation is good.

Whether the system is fully appropriate to the environmental

policy and targets

Audit process is divided into three stages ： Preparation of audit, implementation of audit and submiting the

audit reports

Figure 19-2 operation mode of environmental management system

19.3 Circular economy and ecological industry 19.3.1 Circular economy Advocating a development model that the economic development is

harmonized with the environment, its economic growth model is "resources

→ Products → renewable resources," feedback process

Figure 19-3 Schematic diagram of circular economy

Three “R” principle ：（ Reduce ）、 (Reuse) 、 (Recycle)

New resources resources production products consumption emissions waste

(1). Three mode of circular economy

Enterprise level: circulation in enterprise and promotion the recycling of raw materials and energyRegional level: according to the principle of industry ecology, integrate the material, energy and information between the firms to form industry metabolism and symbiotic relationship between the firms.Join different economic organizations to establish Industry Ecological GardenSocial level: complete the closed loop as "natural resources - products and supplies - renewable resources," in the whole society

（ 2 ） Practice of circular economy

Germany: a pioneer in the development of circular economy countries, drew up the waste treatment method in year 1972; promulgated "Circular Economy and Waste Management law” in year 1996,Japan:the circular economy legislation is the most comprehensive,and its goal is to create a resource “recycling society." In year 2000, Japan enacted the "promote the establishment of recycling society," "effective use of resources law" and other lawsUnited States: There is no national recycling economy regulations, more than half of the states have enacted various forms of recycling regulations

The practice exploration of circular economy

in China Develop cleaner production in the enterprise. At present, there are more

than more than 20 industries in 20 provinces ,in other words ,more than

400 enterprises developing the cleaner production audit. More than 5,000

enterprises have been qualified by ISO14000 environment management

system certification.

Establish eco-industrial park in industry clusters which is composed by

symbiotic enterprise group

Carried out circular economy in the cities and provinces as a precedent.

Circular economy development model has been researched between

regions in Liaoning and Guiyang etc.

19.3.2 Ecological industry

1. Industrial ecology

The basic principle of eco-industry is industrial ecology.It imitates

natural ecological processes and industry material recycling methods to

plan a industry mode of production system,as a production model.

Former GE vice president of research department RobertFrosch, firstly

proposed the concept of industrial ecology in "sustainable industry

development strategy" in "Science American" in 1989

Eco-industry combination, hatching and design principles: mainly

includes horizontal coupling, vertical closure, regional integration,

flexible structure, function-oriented, combining hard and soft, self-

regulation, employment increase, human ecology and information

networks

2. The evolution of industrial system

Industrial system can be regarded as a special case of ecological systems, and

it has substance, energy, information flow and storage the same as natural

ecosystems.One of the main explorers of this theory, Braden R. Allenby,

proposed a three-level eco-industrial system evolution theory in the industrial

system. See figure19-4 。

Ideal industrial ecosystem is including four major actors （ see figure 19-

5 ） ：

Resources miner

Processors (manufacturers)

Consumer

Waste handler

生 态 系 统

组 成 部 分

无 限 的 资 源 无 限 的 废 物

有 限 的 废 物

能 量 与 有 限

的 资 源

能 量

一 级 生 态 工 业 系 统

二 级 生 态 工 业 系 统

三 级 生 态 工 业 系 统

一 级 工 业 生 态 系 统

二 级 工 业 生 态 系 统

三 级 工 业 生 态 系 统

Figure 19-4 Evolution Schematic of industrial system three-level ecosystem

（ Notes ： quoted from Deng Nansheng and Wufeng, 2002 ）

Figure 19-5 Schematic diagram of ideal industrial ecosystem（ quoted from Deng Nansheng and Wufeng, 2002 ）

19.3.3 Eco-industrial park A new industrial organization pattern is designed by

circular economy theory and industrial ecology theory.It

simulates natural ecosystems to establish industrial

system as "producer - consumer - decomposers" cycle

ways and food chain.

1. Classification of eco-industry park new planning model

improvement model

virtual eco-industry park

2. The basic principle of eco-industrial park planning and design

Circularity Diversity Unification Multifunction Efficiency

Figure19 － 6 The design framework of eco-industrial park

Ecosystem park system planning

dematerialization Members constitute

System integration

reduction Recycling resourcization

Material integration

Wastew

ater integration

energy integration

Information integration

Technical service

S

cientific research and development

Information exchange

3. Eco-industrial park practice

Prototype of eco-industry park is Kalundborg, in Denmark

There are 20 cities cooperating with large companies to plan to

establish eco-industrial park in United States since 1993.

In China, the eco-industry park is the third generation industry

park after economic development zones,and hi-tech Development

Zone.In China,we started construction pilot of eco-industry park in 1999,and built the first demonstration of national industry park – Guangxi Guigang eco-industrial park.

19.3.4 The relationship between cleaner production,

ecological industry and circular economy

It breaks through the traditional environment protection conception.

The same point of clear production, eco-industry and circular

economy is to raise the protection guidance of environment protection

to economic development.

The nature and premise of eco-industry and circular economy is clean

production.

19.4 Case study

1 ． Cleaner production case of Fuyang chemistry plant

Anhui Fuyang chemistry plant is a comprehensive chemistry company ,mainly producing synthetic ammonia.The annual output is 130,000 ton. In 1997, "China - Canada Clean Production cooperation project" started,which is organized by the State Economy and Trade Commission. The plant was regarded as this cooperation project’s demonstration in the fertilizer industry enterprises.Clean production implements comprehensively in this plant.32 clean production program proposed and some of the programs were implemented.

Table 19-2 C

onsumption contrast table of m

ain production output and raw

materials of F

uyang chemical plant

2 ． Industrial symbiosis of Kalundborg,

Denmark Kalundborg is located in shore of the north sea, it is a small industrial

city with 2 million residents. Industrial symbiosis is gradually formed

from early 1970s, it is mainly made up of five companies and municipal

authorities. The main exchange flow chart, please see figure 19-7.

Asnaesvaerket Power Plant

Statoiloil Refinery

Novo.Nordisk Company

Gyproc Gypsum Material Company

A/S Bioteknisk Jordrens Soil Remediation Company

Figure 19 － 7 Industrial symbiosis of Kalundborg

(Notes ： quoted from Xiujuan ， 2003)

Benefit Analysis:

It can save 1200,000 m3 water per year for the refinery,and

900,000 m3 water can be instead as freshwater after wastewater

treatment in pharmaceutical companies.

The power plants save 30,000 ton coal and 190,000 ton oil by

using the emptying flame gas of the refinery.

The organic residues of pharmaceutical manufacturing can be

made of organic fertilizer, and save 800 ton N, and 400 ton P. And

it saves 2800 ton sulfur and 80000 ton gypsum in composite

utilization process

In 20 years, a total investment of 16 waste exchange project was

invested in Kalundborg ,and the total amount is estimated to 60

million U.S. dollar .The benefit is supposed to 10 million U.S.

dollar per year.

Thank you!