Chapter 19Chapter 19

Exploring Space Exploring Space

Lesson 1 Lesson 1

Space is the space beyond the Space is the space beyond the atmosphere of the Earthatmosphere of the Earth

Some space objects are visible to the Some space objects are visible to the human eyehuman eye

There are patterns in the universe There are patterns in the universe (all known objects in space)(all known objects in space)

Arrangement of Universe Arrangement of Universe

EarthEarth Solar System-9 planets orbiting the Solar System-9 planets orbiting the

sunsun Milky Way-group of lots of stars held Milky Way-group of lots of stars held

together by their own gravitytogether by their own gravity Universe-everything-all matter and Universe-everything-all matter and

energyenergy

Constellations Constellations

A group of stars that form a pattern in A group of stars that form a pattern in the skythe sky

Stars in a constellation are usually not Stars in a constellation are usually not close to each otherclose to each other

Constellations parade through the sky Constellations parade through the sky on a rotational basison a rotational basis

Polaris-north star (above the north Polaris-north star (above the north pole)pole)

Constellations are used to navigate Constellations are used to navigate and locate items in spaceand locate items in space

Constellations are used to tell timeConstellations are used to tell time Constellations are even used to Constellations are even used to

develop horoscope and predict develop horoscope and predict characteristics about peoplecharacteristics about people

Constellations appear to move due to Constellations appear to move due to Earth’s rotationEarth’s rotation

PlanetPlanet

Greek word that means “wanderer”Greek word that means “wanderer” Planets move among the Planets move among the

constellationsconstellations Earth and other planets orbit the sunEarth and other planets orbit the sun The moon is our closest neighborThe moon is our closest neighbor

Our Solar SystemOur Solar System

Inner planets closest to the sun: Inner planets closest to the sun: Mercury, Venus, Earth and MarsMercury, Venus, Earth and Mars

Asteroid beltAsteroid belt Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune,

PlutoPluto Is Pluto really a planet? Is Pluto really a planet?

Lesson 2Lesson 2

Light and other forms of radiation carry Light and other forms of radiation carry information about spaceinformation about space

Electromagnetic radiation travels in all Electromagnetic radiation travels in all directions in certain types of wavesdirections in certain types of waves

Scientists interpret these waves to learn Scientists interpret these waves to learn more about our universe-size, distance, more about our universe-size, distance, movement, contents, changes, etc…movement, contents, changes, etc…

Electromagnetic SpectrumElectromagnetic Spectrum

Radio waves, microwaves, infrared light Radio waves, microwaves, infrared light waves, ultraviolet light waves, xrays, waves, ultraviolet light waves, xrays, and gamma rays combine to make the and gamma rays combine to make the electromagnetic spectrumelectromagnetic spectrum

The wavelength varies as the type of The wavelength varies as the type of radiation changes with radio waves radiation changes with radio waves being slow and further apart but gamma being slow and further apart but gamma rays being fast and close togetherrays being fast and close together

Visible light Visible light

A prism is used to separate wavelenghts A prism is used to separate wavelenghts of light into different colorsof light into different colors

ROY G BIVROY G BIV Red has the longest wavelength while Red has the longest wavelength while

violet has the shortest wavelengthviolet has the shortest wavelength Visible light is a tiny part of the larger Visible light is a tiny part of the larger

spectrumspectrum

TelescopesTelescopes

Astronomers use telescopes to collect Astronomers use telescopes to collect information about spaceinformation about space

Telescopes gather electromagnetic Telescopes gather electromagnetic radiationradiation

Each type of radiation provides Each type of radiation provides different information about objects in different information about objects in spacespace

Different colors or shades reveal Different colors or shades reveal patterns in the universe patterns in the universe

Reflecting Telescope Reflecting Telescope

Uses a curved mirror to gather lightUses a curved mirror to gather light Very popular type used in homesVery popular type used in homes Bounces the wavelength off a mirror Bounces the wavelength off a mirror

into the eyepiece to be observedinto the eyepiece to be observed ““bounces” or “reflects” light bounces” or “reflects” light Clouds and other objects in the Clouds and other objects in the

atmosphere can distort wavelengthsatmosphere can distort wavelengths

Refracting TelescopeRefracting Telescope

Uses curved piece of glass to gather Uses curved piece of glass to gather lightlight

Focuses to form image near other end Focuses to form image near other end of scopeof scope

Eye piece magnifies it Eye piece magnifies it ““Bends” light Bends” light Clouds and other space objects can Clouds and other space objects can

distort the imagedistort the image

Radio Telescopes Radio Telescopes

Uses curved metal surface called a Uses curved metal surface called a dish to gather waves and focuses dish to gather waves and focuses them onto an antenna in the middle of them onto an antenna in the middle of the dishthe dish

Satellite radio and tvSatellite radio and tv Not affected by weather or the Not affected by weather or the

atmosphere and works in daylightatmosphere and works in daylight Radio waves pass freely through the Radio waves pass freely through the

atmosphereatmosphere

Space Telescopes Space Telescopes

Atmosphere does not interfere since Atmosphere does not interfere since it orbits in spaceit orbits in space

Sends images back to Earth Sends images back to Earth electronicallyelectronically

Obtains very clear imagesObtains very clear images Gathers all types of radiation from Gathers all types of radiation from

the total spectrumthe total spectrum

Telescopes in space? Telescopes in space?

1990 Hubble telescope placed in orbit1990 Hubble telescope placed in orbit 1991 Compton Gamma Ray 1991 Compton Gamma Ray

Observatory placed in orbitObservatory placed in orbit 1999 Chandra X Ray Observatory place 1999 Chandra X Ray Observatory place

in orbitin orbit Operated from EarthOperated from Earth Combine images to gain clear Combine images to gain clear

informationinformation

Lesson 3 Lesson 3

Spacecraft and astronauts help us Spacecraft and astronauts help us explore beyond Earth-in spaceexplore beyond Earth-in space

Astronauts take everything Astronauts take everything necessary for survival with them necessary for survival with them including air, water, and foodincluding air, water, and food

NASA-National Aeronautics an Space NASA-National Aeronautics an Space Administration Administration

Moon Missions Moon Missions

Space Race during JFK administrationSpace Race during JFK administration 1957 Sputnik by Soviet Union was 11957 Sputnik by Soviet Union was 1stst

satellite in spacesatellite in space 1961 Soviets sent 11961 Soviets sent 1stst human in space human in space 1969 United States landed on the 1969 United States landed on the

moon 1moon 1st-st- Apollo Apollo Preparation, Landings, Scientific Preparation, Landings, Scientific

ResultsResults

Orbiting EarthOrbiting Earth

A space station is a satellite in which A space station is a satellite in which people can live and work for long people can live and work for long period of times orbiting Earthperiod of times orbiting Earth

MIR, U.S. and Russia worked to MIR, U.S. and Russia worked to create a space station and worked as create a space station and worked as partners in spacepartners in space

International Space StationInternational Space Station

U.S., Russia and 15 other nations U.S., Russia and 15 other nations created the ISS 1998created the ISS 1998

Larger than 2 football fields and had Larger than 2 football fields and had to be launched in space in piecesto be launched in space in pieces

11stst crew arrived in 2000 crew arrived in 2000 Perform experiments and make Perform experiments and make

observationsobservations

NASA Launches NASA Launches

More than 100 since 1981More than 100 since 1981 Spacecraft now can be used over and Spacecraft now can be used over and

over to carry satellites, equipment over to carry satellites, equipment and labs into spaceand labs into space

Space travel remains a dangerous Space travel remains a dangerous activityactivity

Most launches occur in Florida or Most launches occur in Florida or CaliforniaCalifornia

Other worlds? Other worlds?

Humans have not landed on other Humans have not landed on other planetsplanets

Spacecraft carry instruments to test Spacecraft carry instruments to test the compositions and characteristics the compositions and characteristics of other planetsof other planets

Data and images sent to Earth Data and images sent to Earth through radio wavesthrough radio waves

Computers guide the unmanned Computers guide the unmanned spacecraftspacecraft

Spacecraft have visited all the major Spacecraft have visited all the major planets in our solar system except planets in our solar system except Pluto, the dwarf planetPluto, the dwarf planet

Spacecraft have also visited other Spacecraft have also visited other moons and cometsmoons and comets

3 Stages of Space 3 Stages of Space ExplorationExploration

11stst Flyby: Passes one or more planets Flyby: Passes one or more planets without orbiting but may last for without orbiting but may last for decades collecting data and images decades collecting data and images for brief periods at a timefor brief periods at a time

22ndnd Orbiter: actually orbits the planet Orbiter: actually orbits the planet for several months to years viewing for several months to years viewing the surface and keeps track of the surface and keeps track of changes-creates a detailed mapchanges-creates a detailed map

33rdrd Probes: Instruments land on a Probes: Instruments land on a planet and provides detailed clues to planet and provides detailed clues to the history of the planetthe history of the planet

Landed on the moon, Venus, Mars Landed on the moon, Venus, Mars 1997 Pathfinder on Mars gave 1997 Pathfinder on Mars gave

evidence that water once flowed evidence that water once flowed over the surfaceover the surface

Combining Missions Combining Missions

Orbiters and probes work together Orbiters and probes work together often to send information to Earthoften to send information to Earth

Future space missions may involve Future space missions may involve even more complex combinations of even more complex combinations of spacecraftspacecraft

Lesson 4Lesson 4

Space exploration benefits societySpace exploration benefits society Gives us new and different view Gives us new and different view

pointspoints Understanding gravity, craters, Understanding gravity, craters,

atmospheres and astroidsatmospheres and astroids

Space TechnologySpace Technology

Provides technology that makes life Provides technology that makes life on Earth easieron Earth easier

Each day you probably benefit from Each day you probably benefit from some object or material or product some object or material or product that was developed for the space that was developed for the space programprogram

Satellite Views of EarthSatellite Views of Earth

Collect data from every region of Collect data from every region of EarthEarth

Weather satellites show conditions Weather satellites show conditions throughout the atmosphere making throughout the atmosphere making watches and warning more accuratewatches and warning more accurate

Satellites are used to preserve Satellites are used to preserve wildlife, conserve natural resources wildlife, conserve natural resources and mapping the world and mapping the world

Spinoffs Spinoffs

Space technology spinoffs are found in Space technology spinoffs are found in homes, offices, schools and hospitalshomes, offices, schools and hospitals

Weight issue helps to design small Weight issue helps to design small instruments to diagnose and treat instruments to diagnose and treat diseases and disabilitiesdiseases and disabilities

Fire resistant materials help Fire resistant materials help homebuilders and firefightershomebuilders and firefighters

Purifying water, air and foodPurifying water, air and food

HydroponicsHydroponics

Growing plants in spaceGrowing plants in space 1997 moss plants were sent to grow 1997 moss plants were sent to grow

in space and returned to compare in space and returned to compare with those grown on Earthwith those grown on Earth

Space moss grew in a spiral pattern Space moss grew in a spiral pattern due to the lack of gravitydue to the lack of gravity

Questioned-can astronauts grow Questioned-can astronauts grow their own food in space? their own food in space?

Chapter 19 Review Chapter 19 Review

Some space objects are visible to the Some space objects are visible to the human eye.human eye.

Telescopes allow us to study space Telescopes allow us to study space from Earth.from Earth.

Spacecraft help us explore beyond Spacecraft help us explore beyond Earth.Earth.

Space exploration benefits society. Space exploration benefits society. Complete review on page 677. Complete review on page 677.