Chapter 19Chapter 19

Central and Eastern EuropeCentral and Eastern Europe

Section 1 --PolandSection 1 --Poland

National Identity- Poland has maintained this National Identity- Poland has maintained this sense of what characteristics make them a nationsense of what characteristics make them a nation

Physical Characteristics-Physical Characteristics- North European Plain- thick forests covered flat North European Plain- thick forests covered flat

landland NE/E sandy/less fertileNE/E sandy/less fertile NE Baltic SeaNE Baltic Sea Climate - Humid ContinentalClimate - Humid Continental S - Carpathian Mts. -deposits ofS - Carpathian Mts. -deposits of coal, sulfur, and coppercoal, sulfur, and copper

PolandPoland

Roman CatholicRoman CatholicEthnic groups wiped out during the Ethnic groups wiped out during the

Holocaust (a fire that burns something Holocaust (a fire that burns something completely)completely)

Poland - Warsaw ghetto and 6 death Poland - Warsaw ghetto and 6 death campscamps

Post WWII - Soviets take control / Poland Post WWII - Soviets take control / Poland is communist / Catholic church survivesis communist / Catholic church survives

Last on PolandLast on Poland

Solidarity - Independent Polish Workers’ Labor Solidarity - Independent Polish Workers’ Labor UnionUnion

Lech Walesa (Lek Veh Lan sah)- leader of the Lech Walesa (Lek Veh Lan sah)- leader of the Solidarity movement, wanted economic reformSolidarity movement, wanted economic reform

Outlawed by the Gov. in 1981Outlawed by the Gov. in 1981 1990 - Lech Walesa became the 1st dem. 1990 - Lech Walesa became the 1st dem.

Elected President of PolandElected President of Poland Change from command to market not easy - Change from command to market not easy -

Walesa out in 1995Walesa out in 1995

Poland TodayPoland Today

Parliamentary Democracy -Leg. Branch Parliamentary Democracy -Leg. Branch (parliament) is elected by the people (popular (parliament) is elected by the people (popular vote)vote)

President is appointed by the ParliamentPresident is appointed by the Parliament Prime Minister is always the majority in the Prime Minister is always the majority in the

Parliament - selected by Parliament membersParliament - selected by Parliament members Pres. - Lech KaczynskiPres. - Lech Kaczynski P.M. -Donald TuskP.M. -Donald Tusk Currency - zloty $1 = 3.2 zlotyCurrency - zloty $1 = 3.2 zloty EU member since 2004EU member since 2004 Donald TuskDonald Tusk

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Section 2 -- Czech and Slovak Section 2 -- Czech and Slovak Republics and HungaryRepublics and Hungary

Czech Republic -1993Czech Republic -1993 10 million 10 million Few flat areas (plains beside the Elbe river)Few flat areas (plains beside the Elbe river) Plateaus and Mts. (Sudetic and Carpathian)Plateaus and Mts. (Sudetic and Carpathian) WWI - allies agree to Czechoslovakia (stable until WWII)WWI - allies agree to Czechoslovakia (stable until WWII) WWII - Nazis 1948 - 1989 -SovietsWWII - Nazis 1948 - 1989 -Soviets Velvet revolution - without bloodshed led to first elected Velvet revolution - without bloodshed led to first elected

Gov.Gov. Democratic parliament - President (Vaclav Havel)Democratic parliament - President (Vaclav Havel) 1993 - 1 republic becomes two (Velvet Divorce)1993 - 1 republic becomes two (Velvet Divorce) Privatization - selling Gov. industries to private ownersPrivatization - selling Gov. industries to private owners

Czech RepublicCzech Republic

Czech Republic - NATO and EU (2004)Czech Republic - NATO and EU (2004) Czech Koruna - currency (.06 to $1 US)Czech Koruna - currency (.06 to $1 US) Two regionsTwo regions West - Bohemia - mines and industries (Prague)West - Bohemia - mines and industries (Prague) Coal, iron ore, and quartzCoal, iron ore, and quartz East - Moravia - older and inefficientEast - Moravia - older and inefficient Pollution - huge problemPollution - huge problem

SlovakiaSlovakia

Slovak Republic - 5 million people Slovak Republic - 5 million people Carpathian Mts. - north / Danube river in the Carpathian Mts. - north / Danube river in the

southsouth Farming and industry - fruits, veg., potatoesFarming and industry - fruits, veg., potatoes Collective farms during communist ruleCollective farms during communist rule Bratislava - capitalBratislava - capital Conflicts with Hungary immigrationConflicts with Hungary immigration Currency - Slovak Koruna.)Currency - Slovak Koruna.)

HungaryHungary Magyars - Hungary are descendents of the Magyars(90%)Magyars - Hungary are descendents of the Magyars(90%) 1000 AD - birth of Hungary when the Pope crowned King 1000 AD - birth of Hungary when the Pope crowned King

StephenStephen Communist rule after WWII - the people revolted in 1956 with Communist rule after WWII - the people revolted in 1956 with

no luckno luck 1990 - free elections1990 - free elections Danube river divides Hungary (E and W)Danube river divides Hungary (E and W) Great Alfold broad plain - “breadbasket” of Europe Eastern Great Alfold broad plain - “breadbasket” of Europe Eastern

portionportion Struggles with economy, high unemployment, poor industryStruggles with economy, high unemployment, poor industry Forint -currencyForint -currency

Section 3 - The Balkan Section 3 - The Balkan PeninsulaPeninsula

Balkanize - to break up into small piecesBalkanize - to break up into small pieces All countries have been dominated for hundreds All countries have been dominated for hundreds

of yearsof years Turks and communismTurks and communism ROMANIAROMANIA Eastern OrthodoxEastern Orthodox Physical geography - broad plains with fertile Physical geography - broad plains with fertile

valleys along the Danube - in the south.valleys along the Danube - in the south. North - Carpathian Mts.North - Carpathian Mts. Transylvanian Mts. - middle Transylvanian Mts. - middle

RomaniaRomania

Troubles under communismTroubles under communism Nicolae Ceausescu (chowchesskoo)(Pres. 1974-Nicolae Ceausescu (chowchesskoo)(Pres. 1974-

1989)when he and his wife were executed by 1989)when he and his wife were executed by themilitarythemilitary

Bright spot - coke spent $150 millionBright spot - coke spent $150 million Entrepreneurs - start and build a businessEntrepreneurs - start and build a business Multiplier effect - adding jobs because of cokeMultiplier effect - adding jobs because of coke Currency The Leu - lowest currency in the world Currency The Leu - lowest currency in the world

in 2005in 2005 EU since 2007EU since 2007

BulgariaBulgaria

Borders the Black Sea / Danube river in the Borders the Black Sea / Danube river in the NorthNorth

Balkan Mts on the west - fertile plains in the Balkan Mts on the west - fertile plains in the southsouth

Bulgarians - Slavic (like many Russians)Bulgarians - Slavic (like many Russians) After communism - found some new markets After communism - found some new markets

and foreign investmentand foreign investment Currency Lev - 1 to .$79 USDCurrency Lev - 1 to .$79 USD EU 2007EU 2007

AlbaniaAlbania

Borders the Adriatic seaBorders the Adriatic seaPindus mts. Run on the entire eastern Pindus mts. Run on the entire eastern

portion of the countryportion of the countryVery poor nation - relies heavily on foreign Very poor nation - relies heavily on foreign

aidaidAlbanian Lek 78 to $1 dollarAlbanian Lek 78 to $1 dollar

Former YugoslaviaFormer Yugoslavia

Land of southern slavs - 6 nations became Land of southern slavs - 6 nations became independent independent

Many ethnic groups - Serbs, Albanians, Croats, Many ethnic groups - Serbs, Albanians, Croats, Muslims - long history of War and ethnic cleansingMuslims - long history of War and ethnic cleansing

Slovenia and Croatia - 1991Slovenia and Croatia - 1991 Macedonia and Bosnia - 1992Macedonia and Bosnia - 1992 Left of Yugoslavia - Serbia, Montenegro and Left of Yugoslavia - Serbia, Montenegro and

KosovoKosovo 250,000 people lost their lives and 2 million 250,000 people lost their lives and 2 million

homeless during warshomeless during wars

Sect. 3 continuedSect. 3 continued

Physical geography - mainly mts. With some plains Physical geography - mainly mts. With some plains and valleys by the Danube riverand valleys by the Danube river

Croatia - Croats descended from early SlavsCroatia - Croats descended from early Slavs Serbs - Eastern Orthodox/ Cyrillic alphabetSerbs - Eastern Orthodox/ Cyrillic alphabet Croats - Roman catholic / Latin languageCroats - Roman catholic / Latin language Slovenia - Julian AlpsSlovenia - Julian Alps Industry and resources have made it the wealthiest of Industry and resources have made it the wealthiest of

the Balkan countriesthe Balkan countries Bosnia and Herzegovina - Serbs, Croats and MuslimBosnia and Herzegovina - Serbs, Croats and Muslim Very poor /civil war - foreign aidVery poor /civil war - foreign aid Natural resources helpNatural resources help

End of sect. 3End of sect. 3

Macedonia - less conflicts ( some with Greece Macedonia - less conflicts ( some with Greece and Albania - hampered trade)and Albania - hampered trade)

2001 - ethnic conflict over the National 2001 - ethnic conflict over the National Language - Albanian became officialLanguage - Albanian became official

Kosovo - recently declared independence (2008)Kosovo - recently declared independence (2008) Serbs attempted to cleanse Kosovo of ethnic Serbs attempted to cleanse Kosovo of ethnic

Albanians even though they were the majority Albanians even though they were the majority NATO gets involved -Slobodon Milosivic (Serb. NATO gets involved -Slobodon Milosivic (Serb.

President) arrested and tried for crimes against President) arrested and tried for crimes against humanityhumanity

Section 4 - Baltic states and Section 4 - Baltic states and Border NationsBorder Nations

Other Eastern countries had “independence” Other Eastern countries had “independence” these countries were former Republics of the these countries were former Republics of the Soviet Union; Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, Soviet Union; Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine and MoldovaUkraine and Moldova

Physical geography -bordering the Baltic, flat - Physical geography -bordering the Baltic, flat - marshy/fertilemarshy/fertile

Humid continentalHumid continental Human - Est. and Lat - Lutheran Lith. - CatholicHuman - Est. and Lat - Lutheran Lith. - Catholic

Sect. 4 cont.Sect. 4 cont. Baltic states - access to the sea benefit but also battle for Baltic states - access to the sea benefit but also battle for

controlcontrol Independent - after WWIIndependent - after WWI Soviet Union annexed (added) them WWIISoviet Union annexed (added) them WWII Life was harsh, people fled, Nationalism looked down on - SU Life was harsh, people fled, Nationalism looked down on - SU

out in 1991out in 1991 Many Russians in these countriesMany Russians in these countries Diversify - increasing variety Diversify - increasing variety Estonia - service and industries (mining, shipbuilding)Estonia - service and industries (mining, shipbuilding) Lithuania - industry (food processing)Lithuania - industry (food processing) Latvia - most diverse (vehicles, pharmaceuticals,etc)Latvia - most diverse (vehicles, pharmaceuticals,etc)

UkraineUkraine

Kiev – where the 1Kiev – where the 1stst Russian state began Russian state beganRussian power moved to Moscow – rest Russian power moved to Moscow – rest

wanted Kievwanted KievUkraine means borderUkraine means borderUnder Soviet Rule many Ukrainians Under Soviet Rule many Ukrainians

starvedstarvedChernobyl – accidental explosion Chernobyl – accidental explosion

destroyed a nuclear reactordestroyed a nuclear reactor12.3 million acres polluted12.3 million acres polluted

IndependenceIndependence

1991 after the break up of the Soviet 1991 after the break up of the Soviet UnionUnion

““breadbasket” of Europebreadbasket” of EuropeFertile steppe – warm weather / precipFertile steppe – warm weather / precipChernozem – black soilChernozem – black soilFight over natural gas and oil with RussiaFight over natural gas and oil with Russia

Belarus and MoldovaBelarus and Moldova

Belarus – also closely connected to RussiaBelarus – also closely connected to Russia Relies on service and industry / must import to Relies on service and industry / must import to

finish productfinish product Moldova – smallest of the former Soviet Moldova – smallest of the former Soviet

republicsrepublics Connected closely with Romania (language and Connected closely with Romania (language and

culture)culture) Hilly terrain in the S. to Black seaHilly terrain in the S. to Black sea Frequent invasionsFrequent invasions