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Chapter 18 The Classification of Organisms
Organizing and classifying living things
http://diginthehumanities.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/zits-taxonomy.gif
Taxonomy
• 1. Species: a group of individuals capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring
• 2. a science that involves the naming and classifying of living organisms
• .
http://www.solaster-mb.org/mb/images/dyrynda-matrix-comb-1-wl.JPG
Binomial Nomenclature
• Developed by Carlos Linnaeus
• Two Word system for naming organisms
• Universal!
http://www.learner.org/jnorth/images/graphics/t/tulip_CarlLinnaeusPortrait.jpg
Scientific Name
• A. genus-similar species
• B. species-basic biological unit
• C. Genus capitalized, species lower case
• Example: Homo sapien
http://wappingersschools.org/RCK/staff/teacherhp/johnson/visualvocab/binomialNomenclature.gif
Advantages
• A. many common names- eliminates confusion.
• B. every species has its own scientific name.
• What animal is this ?– puma
– Mountain lion
– Cougar
– Panther
– Felis concolor
Eliminates Confusion!
http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Personal/D.Jefferies/bird/collection/med/robins.jpghttp://www.netaxs.com/~mhmyers/cdjpgs/robin4.jpg
Classifying Species into Large Groups
• 1. Taxa (taxon)- a group or level of organization to which an organisms are classified.
• Classification System**based on
shared characteristics
• Kingdom- group of phylum
What’s in a Kingdom
• B. phylum- a set of classes
• C. class- a set of orders
• D. order- a group of families
• E. family- a group of genuses
• F. genus
• G. species
http://www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/human.jpg
Make up a saying!
• King kingdom
• Phil phylum
• Came Class
• Over order
• For family
• Good genus
• Spaghetti species
Hybrids
http://www.arkanimals.com/GRAPHICS/ARK/Dumped.jpg
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/08/images/050804_ligers.jpg
http://www.sfcmuseum.org/images/mules%20wagon.jpg
Coy-dogs? No Coy-Wolf
Western Coyote- moved east.
Great Lakes Wolf population- almost hunted to extinction
The two population interbreed to create the Eastern Coyote:
Not afraid of humans
Hang out in family units
http://naturalunseenhazards.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/coywolf1.jpg
http://adirondackexplorer.org/out-takes/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/web-skulls.jpg
Review Questions
• 1. What is the science of naming and classifying organisms called?
• 2. What is binomial nomenclature?
• 3. How are scientific names written?
• 4. What are the advantages of using scientific names vs. common names?
5. What is the order in which organisms are classified? Start with kingdom, …
18.2 Modern Evolutionary Classification
• Phylogeny- the evolutionary history of lineages.
• Common Ancestor -members are placed in taxa based on relatedness.
• Clade- a group of species that includes a single common ancestor and all descendants of that ancestor.
What is a Cladogram?
• Cladograms- links groups of organisms by showing how evolutionary lines, or lineages, branched from a common ancestor.
Derived Characteristics• 1. a trait that arose in the
most recent common ancestor of a particular lineage and was passed a long to its descendants.
• 2. Which are derived characteristics of a coyotes and lions?– 4 limbs
– Hair
– Specialized teeth
– Retractable claws
Reading Cladograms
– This cladogram shows a simplified phylogeny of the cat family.
DNA in Classification
• DNA comparisons help make evolutionary trees more accurate.
• For Example:– African Vulture
– American Vulture
– Storks
http://www.naturephoto-cz.com/photos/mraz/african-white-backed-vulture-05a16063.jpg
http://wildlifeofnorthamerica.info/BNA/TkVu_086A_4x6_024224.jpg
http://www.sch.im/wlp/large%20images/stork.jpg
18.3 Building the Tree of Life
The Tree of All Life
DOMAIN: the largest of the classification categories
• THERE ARE 3 DOMAINS:1. Bacteria2. Archaea3. Eukarya
The differences between these Domains are based upon cell type: prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic
Domain Bacteria• 1. Prokaryotic• 2. Unicellular• 3.No nucleus or
membrane bound organelles
• 4. Have cell walls made of peptidoglycan
Domain Archaea
• Are prokaryotic
• Are unicellular
• Look like bacteria but have a different type of cell wall and cell membrane
• They can live in “extreme” environments
Domain Eukarya
• All organisms that have a nucleus.– Kingdoms:
• Protista
• Fungi
• Plantea
• Animalia
Kingdom Protista in the Domain Eukarya
• 1. Eukaryotic• 2. Unicellular• 3. Membrane-bound
nucleus and organelles• 4.Protozoa-animal-like
protists• 5. Some
photosynthetic (red, green, brown and multicellular algea in protista.
http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/GIFs/protists.jpg
Kelp forest:brown algaehttp://www.ianskipworth.com/photo/pcd1742/kelp_forest_15_4.jpg
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.mbnms-simon.org/images/build/kelp_forest_image01.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.mbnms-simon.org/sections/kelpForest/overview.php%3Fsec%3Dkf&h=152&w=202&sz=21&hl=en&start=2&tbnid=u-hQ5s5FzFXqHM:&tbnh=79&tbnw=105&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dkelp%26ndsp%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DN
Kingdom Fungi: in the Domain Eukarya• A. Eukaryotic
• B. molds, yeasts, and mushrooms.
• C. Parasites and decomposers
• D. both unicellular and multicellular
• E. have enzymes and digest materials outside then absorb it.
• Cell wall-composed of chitin
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/Pharmacology/dc-bits/fungi-pics1-04m.jpg
Kingdom Plantae- in the Domain Eukarya• A. Eukaryotic
• B. Cell wall-composed of cellulose
• C. Multicellular• D. tissue and organ
specialization• E. lack movement• F. Photosynthetic-
have chloroplasts & can make their own food
http://www.photo.net/photo/pcd2488/maple-trees-12.4.jpg
Kingdom Animalia- in the Domain Eukarya
• A. Eukaryotic• B. All multicellular• C. more organisms in
this kingdom than any other.
• Levels of organization are present:– Cells
– Tissues
– Organs
– Organ system
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.hafdis.dk/pictures/silly/animals/The%25203%2520monkeys.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.hafdis.dk/pictures/silly/animals/&h=600&w=800&sz=61&tbnid=CdEfnoxGlYEJ:&tbnh=106&tbnw=142&hl=en&start=5&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmonkeys%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D
Animals continued• E. Heterotrophs-have
to eat food• Invertebrates- no
backbone(insects, worms, Mr.Via)
• Vertebrates-have backbones(fish, snakes, and humans.)
• Sexual reproduction is more common.