Chapter 18 – Psychological Disorders Section 1 Psychological Disorder - behavior patterns or mental processes that cause serious personal suffering or

Chapter 18 – Psychological DisordersSection 1

Psychological Disorder - behavior patterns or mental processes that cause serious personal suffering or interfere with person’s ability to cope with everyday life.

What is Normal?Equal with what is average for the majority of peopleDeviation from the majority becomes criterion for abnormalitySymptoms of Psychological Disorder (4 criteria)

1. Typical - how typical the behavior is of people in general2. Maladaptive - behavior impairs you to function adequately in everyday life (behavior hazardous to oneself and others) ex. Suicide, attacking others3. Emotional Discomfort - behavior causes emotional discomfort ex. Anxiety, depression4. Socially Unacceptable Behavior - Culture-Bound Syndromes - cluster of symptoms that define or describe an illnessex. Evil eye - electrical power in eye, called by jealous, hatred affects people; makes them sick, violent, out of blue, not themselves; 1054 - Church believes a general prayer wards off evil spirits

Chapter 18 – Psychological DisordersSection 1

Most people who commit violent crimes DO NOT have PD because aware of what doing. Behavior known to be illegal and held responsible. Majority of those with PD are not violent or dangerous.

Classifying Psychological DisordersDSM V - Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder

6 Major Types1. Anxiety2. Dissociative3. Somotoform4. Mood5. Schizophrenia6. Personality

Chapter 18 – Psychological DisordersSection 2 -Anxiety Disorders

Anxiety - general state of dread or uneasiness that occurs in response to a vague or imagined danger.Differs from fear - response to real danger to threatex. Nervousness, inability to relax, concerned about losing control

Physical signs and symptoms of anxietytremblingsweatingrapid heart rateshortness of breathincreased blood pressurefeeling faint

Over activity of autonomic system - some people feel anxiety all the time; may interfere with effective living

Anxiety disorder - mostly found in US


Types of Anxiety Disorder1. Phobic2. Panic3. Generalized Anxiety4. OCD5. Stress ***

Simple Phobia - most common of all anxiety disorderspersistent excessive or irrational fear of a particular object or situation; usually don’t seek treatment for disorders

Phobic Disorder - fear must interfere with person’s normal life

Common Phobia’sclaustrophobiaarachnophobiazoophobiasnakes, blood, needles, storms, dental procedures, driving, air traveling


Social Phobia - fear of situation where you would be exposed to close scrutiny of others and be observed doing something embarrassing or humiliatingAll social situation - public speaking eating in public, dating

Panic Disorder/Agoraphobia - continuous panic attacks

Panic Attacks - short period of intense fear or discomfort; shortness of breath, dizziness, rapid heart rate, trembling, shaking, sweating, choking, nausea

People feel they are dying, going crazy and fear another attack.

Usually panic disorder have AGORAPHOBIA - fear of being in places in which escape may be difficult or impossible; crowded pubic places - theaters, malls, buses, trainsAgoraphobia - most common phobia among adults; lead to avoidance behaviors


GAD - Generalized Anxiety Disorder - excessive or unrealistic worry about life circumstances that lasts for 6 months. Most common anxiety disorder. Few people seek treatment.

ex. Finances, work, interpersonal problems, illness

Difficult to distinguish GAD from other anxiety disorders.

OCD - Obsession Compulsive Disorder

Obsession - unwanted thoughts, ideas mental images that occur over and over again.Thoughts are often senseless or repulsive. Most people try to ignore or suppress them.

Compulsion - repetitive ritual behavior often involve cleaning and checkingex check and recheck if doors and windows are locked, washing hands 8 hrs. a dayPeople who experience obsessions usually are aware that the obsessions are unjustified.


Stress Disorder PTSD - Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and Acute Stress DisorderIntense and persistent feeling of anxiety caused by a traumatic experienceex. Rape, severe accident, airplane crash, war, child abuse, assault

SymptomsFlashbacks, nightmares of trauma, numbness of feeling, avoidance of stimuli associated with trauma,increase tension, lead to sleep disturbance

Symptoms occur 6 or more months after traumatic event

Acute Stress DisorderShort term disorder following by traumatic eventLasts few days, weeks


Anxiety Disorder

Psychological ViewsPsychoanalytic theoryanxiety is result of forbidden childhood wages that have been repressedIf surface lead to obsessions and compulsive behaviors

Learning theorists believe phobias are conditioned or learned in childhood, and avoid situation to reduce anxiety

Biological ViewsHeredity plays a role in PDGenetically inclined to fear things that were threats to ancestors

Chapter 18 – Psychological DisordersSection 3 – Dissociative Disorders

Disassociative DisorderSeparation of certain personality components or mental processes from conscious thoughtex. Someone engrossed in reading, can’t hear his name; daydreaming

Dissociation occurs to avoid stressful events or feelingsLose memory or event, forget identity, occurs when individuals faced with stressful experience

Types of Dissociative Disorder1. Dissociative Amnesia2. Dissociative Fugue3. Dissociative Identify Disorder (Multiple Personalities)4. Depersonalization Disorder


Dissociative Amnesia (psychogenic amnesia) (can’t be explained biologically)sudden loss of memory following stressful/traumatic eventcan’t remember any event that occurred for certain period of time surrounding eventless common forgot identitymay last few hours or years

Dissociative Fuguecharacterized not by forgetting personal information and past events but also relocating from home or work and taking a new identityFollows traumatic event that is stressful; reported mostly during war time or natural disasterUsually takes on new identity

people with dissociative fugue travel away from home and take a new name, residence, occupation. Become socially active in new identity - when fugue ends - no longer remember what happened during fugue state.


Dissociative Identity Disorder (multiple personalities)Involves the existence of two or more personalities within a single individualVarious personalities may or may not be aware of othersAt least two of the personalities take turns controlling the individual’s behaviorEach personality different - voice, facial expression, age, genderusually severely abused as a child - physical, sexual, psychological abuse

Depersonalization Disorderfeelings of detachment from one’s mental processes or bodycaused by stressful event

Explaining dissociative disorderPsychological views - people dissociate in order to repress unacceptable urgesLearning theorist - avoid thinking of disturbing events to avoid feelings guilt, shame, painCognitive/Biological have evidence for dissociative disorder.

Chapter 18 – Psychological DisordersSection 4 - Somatoform Disorders

Somatization - psychological distress through physical symptomsPeople with this have psychological problems like depression or anxiety but experience symptoms (paralysis/pain)

6 Types of Somatoform Disorders

2 most common1. Conversion Disorder 2. Hypochondriasis

Conversion Disorderexperience change or loss of physical functioning in a major part of the body functioning in a major part of the bodyno medical explanationex. Can’t see at night; can’t move their legs; Those who have symptoms show little concern

Chapter 18 – Psychological DisordersSection 4 - Somatoform Disorders

Hypochondriasisperson fears they have serious disease

Psychological view - occur when individuals repress emotions associated with forbidden urges express them with physical symptomsPhysical symptom represents compromise between the unconscious need to express feelings and fear of actually expressing them

Chapter 18 – Psychological DisordersSection 5 - Mood Disorders

2 general categories1. Depression - involves feelings of helplessness, hopelessness, worthlessness, guilt, sadness2. Bipolar Disorder - involves cycles of mood changes from depression to elation

Types of Mood Disorders1. Major Depression - most common PD5 out of 9 symptoms experienced1. Persistent depressed mood2. Loss of interest or pleasure in all activities3. Significant weight loss or gain3. Sleeping more or less than usual4. Sleeping more or less than usual5. Speeding up or slowing down of physical and emotional reactions6. Fatigue of worthlessness or unfounded guilt7. Feelings of worthlessness or unfounded guilt8. Reduced ability to concentrate or make meaningful decisions9. Consideration of suicide**One of first 2 symptoms and additional symptoms must be present for at least 2 weeks and occur daily.


2. Bipolar Disorder - Manic depressionDramatic up/downs in moodMania - extreme excitement characterized by hyperactivity and chaotic behavior can change into depression quickly for no reason

Manic moods have following traits:inflated self-esteeminability to sit still or sleep restfullypressure to keep talking and switching from topic/topicracing thoughtsdifficulty concentrating

-Severe cases may have delusions (beliefs have no basis in reality) about their own superior abilities or about being jealous of them.-May experience hallucinations - hearing voices and seeing things not really there-May engage impulsive behaviors - spending sprees, quitting job to pursue wild dreams-Manic phase of bipolar disorder - very disruptive to an individual’s life.


Explaining Mood Disorders/Depression

Psychological Viewsuffer real or imagined loss of loved object or person in childhoodchild feels anger toward lost object/person instead of expressing anger, internalizes and directs it toward himselfFeelings of guilt and loss of self-esteem

Learning Theoristslearned helplessness makes people prone to depressionargue people have learned through experience to believe that previous events in their lives were out of controlleads them to expect the future is like this as wellwhen something negative happens they feel helpless – depression


Explaining Mood Disorders/Depression

Cognitive theoristspeople who are depressed explain their failures on internal, stable and global causes they feel helpless to changethis thinking gives rise to helplessness which leads to depression

Biological View20-25% people with mood disorder also have a family member with mood disorder 2 neurotransmitters or chemical messengers in the brain - serotonin and noradrenaline may explain point of connection between genes and moodLow levels create mood disordersdevelop drug therapy to treat mod disorders

Chapter 18 – Psychological DisordersSection 6 - Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia - most serious psychological disorderlost of contact with reality; affects person’s inability to function independently

1st appears as young adultdevelops gradually, sometimes suddenlydifficult to treat

Symptoms1. Hallucinations - auditory (Dan’s sister experienced) (tell individual what to do or comment on their behavior - voices inflict name to oneself)2. Delusions - belief superior to others

ex. Being pursued by CIA; chosen to save the world3. Thought disorders - problems in organization of content

ex. May skip from topic to topic; shown through speechsounds disorganized and confusedmay repeat words/phrases continuously or invent new words

4. Social withdrawal -lack social skills, loss of normal emotional responsiveness5. Catatonic Stupor - immobile, expressionless; coma-like state


Types of Schizophrenia

1. Paranoid Schizophreniahave delusionshallucinations relating to same themeex. Delusions of grandeur, persecution, jealously

Tend to have less disordered thoughts and bizarre behavior. May be agitated, confused and afraid.

2. Disorganized Schizophrenia

incoherent in their thought ad speechdisorganized in their behaviorusually have delusion and hallucinations but are fragmented and unconnectedemotionless or show inappropriate emotionsare silly, speak nonsense, neglect hygienelose control of bladder


Types of Schizophrenia

3. Catatonicmost obvious symptom is disturbance of movementindividuals hold uncomfortable body positions for long periods of time

Psychological Viewsoverwhelming of EGO by urges from the IDUrges threatened the EGO and cause intense conflictindividual responds to early stage of developmenthe becomes confused can’t separate realityleads to hallucinations and delusions

Other is Family Environmentparents express intense emotions and has pushy critical attitude


Biological Views

Genetic factors - higher of those who have relatives of people with disordermore likely suffered an injury or other trauma around birthborn during winter - risk of viral infectionsStructural brain abnormalities including enlargement of ventricles, decrease in size of frontal lobe, change in brain cells

Chapter 18 – Psychological DisordersSection 7 - Personality Disorders

Personality Disordersinflexible traits that disrupt social life or work and/or distress the individualdiscover by late adolescence, affect all aspects of individual’s personality including: thought process, emotions, behavior

Types of Personality Disorder1. Paranoid Personality Disorderdistrustful and suspicious of othersinterpret others motives as harmful or evildifficult to get along with - argumentativenot confused about reality; just distorted

2. Schizoid Personality Disorderhave no interest in relationship with otherlack normal emotional responsivenesstend to be lonersdo not have delusions or hallucinations; they stay in touch with reality


3. Anti-Social Personality Disordershow persistent behavior, pattern of disregard for rights of othersdon’t feel guilt or remorseex. Skip school, run away, hurt others, lie, steal

In adulthoodcan be aggressive/recklesshard time keeping a jobfail to pay billsbreak law

4. Avoidant Personality Disorderdesire relationships but can’t form them because afraid of the disapproval of othersact shy and withdraw in social situationsafraid will say or do something embarrassing

Similar symptoms to social phobia and avoidant personality disorder


Psychological ViewsFreud’s antisocial personality - problem in the development of the conscience or SUPEREGOChildren who are rejected by adults and harshly punished lack a sense of guilt

Learning theoristsuggest childhood experiences “teach” children how to relate to other peopleIf not reinforced for good behavior and only receive attention when behave badly learn anti-social behaviors or lack appropriate role models

Biological ViewHeredity - may be another factorThe exact link between genes and antisocial behavior is still under investigation

Documents

Chapter 18 – Psychological Disorders Section 1 Psychological Disorder - behavior patterns or mental processes that cause serious personal suffering or