Chapter 18

Injuries to the

Pelvis and Lower Extremities

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The Pelvis• Pelvic region

– Supports the vertebral column and constitutes the inferior portion of the trunk

• Primary muscles of the pelvis – Affect movement of thigh at hip joint – Attached to the femur and pelvic bones– Contribute to muscular movement by

creating pressure on muscle surface

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The Pelvis• Injuries to the pelvic region include:

– Fractures– Strains– Contusions

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The Hip and Thigh• Each lower extremity

– Hip, thigh, knee, lower leg, ankle, and foot• The hip is a ball and socket joint

– Held together by connective tissues

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The Hip and Thigh• The femur extends from the hip to the

knee– Provides skeletal structure of the thigh– Held in the socket by ligaments, tendons,

and muscles

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Methods for Assessing Hip Injuries

• General range of motion• ROM test

– Hamstring flexibility– Hip flexor flexibility (Thomas test)– Internal and external rotation of the hip

• Ober’s Test• Patrick’s or Faber Test

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Methods for Assessing Hip Injuries

• Strength tests– Abduction – Adduction – Extension – Flexion– Internal rotation– External rotation – Trendelenburg test

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Injuries to the Hip and Thigh

• Fractures• Dislocations and subluxations• Contusions• Sprains• Strains• Bursitis and synovitis

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The Knee• Knee joint

– Naturally unstable – One of the most complicated joints in the

body– One of the most commonly injured joints in

the body

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Methods for Assessing Knee Injuries

• ROM test – Knee extension– Knee flexion

• Extension strength test for the knee• Flexion strength test for the knee

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Injuries to the Knee and Lower Leg

• Fractures– Dislocations and subluxations

– Apprehension test for the patella

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Injuries to the Knee and Lower Leg

• Strains– Tendon ruptures– Patellar tendon rupture test– Meniscus tears– McMurray test– Apley compression test– Tendonitis– Contusions

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Injuries to the Knee and Lower Leg

• Sprains– Valgus stress test for the knee– Varus stress test for the knee

– Anterior drawer test for the knee– Posterior drawer test for the knee– Lachman test– Pivot shift test

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Injuries to the Knee and Lower Leg

• Bursitis• Osgood-Schlatter Disease• Chondromalacia patellae (CMP)• Patella grind test• Shin splints• Anterior compartment syndrome

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The Ankle

• Tarsus– Composed of seven tarsal bones and joins

the lower leg to the foot

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Assessing Ankle and Foot Injuries

• ROM test– Ankle inversion– Ankle eversion– Plantar flexion of the ankle– Dorsiflexion of the ankle

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Assessing Ankle and Foot Injuries

• Inversion strength test for the ankle• Eversion strength test for the ankle• Dorsiflexion strength test for the ankle

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Injuries to the Ankle and Foot• Fractures• Dislocations and subluxations• Contusions• Sprains• Talar tilt test• Anterior drawer test for the ankle

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Injuries to the Ankle and Foot• Tendon ruptures• Thompson test• Tendonitis• Bursitis and synovitis• Ingrown toenail• Athlete’s foot• Plantar fasciitis