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Chapter 17Chapter 17ClassificationClassification
Taxonomy:Taxonomy: names and groups names and groups organisms according to their organisms according to their
characteristics and evolutionary historycharacteristics and evolutionary history
History of ClassificationHistory of Classification Over 1,750,000 species have been Over 1,750,000 species have been
given names.given names.
There are 10 million yet to be There are 10 million yet to be discovered!discovered!
99% of all plant and animal species 99% of all plant and animal species that have ever existed are now extinct, that have ever existed are now extinct, most left no fossil record.most left no fossil record.
Early Systems of ClassificationEarly Systems of Classification Aristotle—He divided things into animals and Aristotle—He divided things into animals and
plants.plants.
Animals—classified as: Animals—classified as: -Land dwellers-Land dwellers
-Water dwellers-Water dwellers-Air dwellers-Air dwellers
Plants—Three categories based on stemsPlants—Three categories based on stems
Problems with Early SystemsProblems with Early Systems Common namesCommon names - there are local differences and - there are local differences and
they can be unclear.they can be unclear.
Names were polynomial - names used descriptive Names were polynomial - names used descriptive terms, so some were thirteen or more words long. terms, so some were thirteen or more words long.
The term for a honey bee:The term for a honey bee:-Apis pubescences, thorace, subgriseo, abdomine -Apis pubescences, thorace, subgriseo, abdomine fusco, pedibus posticis glabris untrinque margine fusco, pedibus posticis glabris untrinque margine ciliatis.ciliatis.
Carolus LinnaeusCarolus Linnaeus(Sweden, 1750’s)(Sweden, 1750’s)
Hierarchical Hierarchical categoriescategories - using - using morphology.morphology.
BinomialBinomial system - system - two namestwo names
There are seven levels of classification:There are seven levels of classification:
Levels of ClassificationLevels of Classification
1.1. Kingdom-Kingdom-largest (six kingdoms)-least specificlargest (six kingdoms)-least specific2.2. PhylumPhylum3.3. ClassClass4.4. OrderOrder5.5. Family Family 6.6. Genus Genus 7.7. Species-Species-smallest-(most specific)smallest-(most specific)
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
From biggest to smallest:1. Kingdom – compare to a country
2. Phylum –compare to a state
3. Class – compare to a county
4. Order – compare to a town
5. Family - compare to a neighborhood
6. Genus - compare to a street
7. Species – compare to house number
Classifying people!
1. Kingdom – Animal2. Phylum – Chordate (backbones)3. Class – mammal4. Order - Primates5. Family - Hominidae6. Genus – Homo (man)7. Species –Sapiens (wise)
Scientific Name of people: Homo sapien
How do I remember the order?
* Use the sentence:
Kings Play Chess On Funny Green Squares
Binomial NomenclatureBinomial Nomenclature
Scientific namesScientific names - - Genus species, Genus species, genus genus name is capitalized, both are italicized.name is capitalized, both are italicized.
E. coli: E. coli: sometimes genus name is abbreviated sometimes genus name is abbreviated (Escherichia coli)(Escherichia coli)
Species sometimes broken down more Species sometimes broken down more ((varietiesvarieties-botanists, -botanists, subspeciessubspecies-zoologists)-zoologists)
Binomial NomenclatureBinomial Nomenclature Continued Continued
LatinizedLatinized—often descriptive or in honor —often descriptive or in honor of a person (discoverer) or place.of a person (discoverer) or place.
PhylogenyPhylogeny—evolutionary history is now —evolutionary history is now considered.considered.
MorphologyMorphology-based on genes—so most of -based on genes—so most of Linnaeus’s work is still accurate.Linnaeus’s work is still accurate.
Rhinecanthus aculeatusRhinecanthus aculeatus
- Hawaii – Huma Huma Nuka Nuka Apua’a- Hawaii – Huma Huma Nuka Nuka Apua’a- Other Places - Picasso Triggerfish- Other Places - Picasso Triggerfish
Acer Acer Acer Acer rubrum rubrum saccharumsaccharum
Modern Phylogenetic TaxonomyModern Phylogenetic Taxonomy SystematicsSystematics - - diversity of life organized diversity of life organized
within the context of evolution.within the context of evolution.
Phylogenetic treePhylogenetic tree - - represents hypothesis of represents hypothesis of evolutionary linkage between organismsevolutionary linkage between organisms
Compare morphology of an organism to fossil Compare morphology of an organism to fossil record or other living species.record or other living species.
Compare DNACompare DNA
Compare macromoleculesCompare macromolecules - cytochrome c - cytochrome c and hemoglobin beta-chainand hemoglobin beta-chain
The fossil recordThe fossil record - usually incomplete - usually incomplete
MorphologyMorphology - homologous structures--the - homologous structures--the species that have them are related.species that have them are related.
- Embryological patterns of development- Embryological patterns of development
Chromosomes and MacromoleculesChromosomes and MacromoleculesMolecular clockMolecular clock - differences in the amino - differences in the amino
acid chains, RNA sequences, and DNA acid chains, RNA sequences, and DNA sequences can tell how long ago two things sequences can tell how long ago two things were related.were related.
CladisticsCladistics - Organization based on - Organization based on evolutionary relationshipsevolutionary relationships- - Derived character Derived character - - feature that apparently feature that apparently
evolved only within the group (feathers)evolved only within the group (feathers)More derived characters=more common ancestry.More derived characters=more common ancestry.
CladogramsCladograms
Ancestry diagramAncestry diagram - shows evolutionary relationships. - shows evolutionary relationships.
Modern System of ClassificationModern System of Classification
Six kingdom systemSix kingdom systemArchaebacteria:Archaebacteria: unicellular prokaryotes, unicellular prokaryotes,
harsh environments.harsh environments.
Eubacteria:Eubacteria: common form of bacteria, common form of bacteria, circular chromosomes, most are aerobic.circular chromosomes, most are aerobic.
Protista:Protista: eukaryotesm mostly unicelluar, no eukaryotesm mostly unicelluar, no complex tissues or systems.complex tissues or systems.
Fungi:Fungi: heterotrophic eukaryotes, heterotrophic eukaryotes, unicellular and multicellular, absorb unicellular and multicellular, absorb nutrients, 100,000 species.nutrients, 100,000 species.
Plantae:Plantae: Eukaryotes, multicellular, most Eukaryotes, multicellular, most are autotrophic—photosynthesis, 350,000 are autotrophic—photosynthesis, 350,000 species.species.
Animalia:Animalia: Eukaryotes, multicellular, Eukaryotes, multicellular, heterotrophic, most have symmetrical heterotrophic, most have symmetrical bodiesbodies
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Protists
Fungi
PlantsPlants
Animals
Three Domain SystemThree Domain System
Based on Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)Based on Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Domain Archaea– archaebacteriaDomain Archaea– archaebacteria
Domain Bacteria—eubacteriaDomain Bacteria—eubacteria
Domain Eukarya—protists, fungi, Domain Eukarya—protists, fungi, plants and animals.plants and animals.