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CHAPTER 18 AND 19 TEST REVIEW
#1• a. Shear Stress- stress that goes side-by-side (transform)
• b. Focus- point underground where earthquake happens
• c. Epicenter- point above ground directly above focus
• d. Fault- break in Earth’s crust caused by stress; brittle strain
• e. Compression- stress that pushes inward (convergent)
• f. Tension- stress that pulls apart (divergent)
#2• Seismic Waves• Body Waves •Primary (P) Waves & Secondary (S) Waves
• Surface•Love Waves & Rayleigh Waves
#3
• P-Waves, S-Waves, Love, Rayleigh
#4
•Surface waves. Because they are slow moving and on the surface.
#5
•P- Compression; back and forth (like a slinky)
•S- Shear; Side-to side •Love- up and down/side-to-side
•Rayleigh- rolling (seawave)
#6
•San Andreas
#7
•New Madrid
#8
•San Francisco
#9
•Alaska
#10
•Richter- measures magnitude (amount of energy released)
•Modified Mercalli- measures intensity (amount of damage)
•Both measure Earthquakes• Richter is more accurate
#11
•Convergent boundaries with subduction
•Hot spots
#12•A. Transform boundary (earthquakes), shear stress, and strike-slip fault.
•B. Convergent boundary (mountains, volcanoes, and deep sea trenches, compressional stress, and reverse fault.
•C. Divergent boundary (mid-ocean ridges), tensional stress, and normal fault.
#13
•A. Krakatau•B. Tambora•C. Yellowstone•D. Mt. St. Helens•E. Vesuvius
#14
•Supervolcano, composite/stratovolcano, cinder cone, and shield
#15
•V.E.I. Volcano Explosivity Index
•Goes to 8
#16•A. Pyroclastic Flow- gas, extreme heat and fragments that erupt from a volcano. Fast moving and deadly!!
•B. Lahar- A landslide or mudflow of volcanic fragments on the flanks of a volcano
•C. Tephra- Rock fragments thrown up into the air during an eruption
•D. AA- Jagged and sharp cooled lava from Hawaiian shield volcanoes.
#16 Cont. •E. Pahoehoe- Lava that forms a ropy texture when cooled. Also, from a Hawaiian shield volcano.
•F. Hot Spot- Hot region of Earth’s mantle where-high temperature mantle material rise towards the surface. Hawaii
•G. Fissure- Long crack in the crust where magma upwells
•H. Caldera-alarge depression at the top of the volcano.
#17
•Short term- pyroclastic flow, volcanic ash/debris, lahar, and falling building.
•Long term- climate change, toxic gas, and infertile land.
#18
•River Glen= 1,800•Sandpoint= 2,000•Travis City= 1,600•Epicenter= Yalco•More accurate and gives you just one location.
#19
•A. Hot spot= shield volcanoes•B. Subduction= composite of stratovolcano
#20
•Mexico- Paricutin