Chapter 17 Solid and Hazardous Wastefhsdfhc.sharpschool.net/UserFiles/Servers/Server... · Chapter 17 Smartboard Notes solid and hazardous waste.notebook 14 October 13, 2014 Reuse

Chapter 17 Smartboard Notes solid and hazardous waste.notebook

1

October 13, 2014

Solid Waste - is the total of all materials thrown away that is not a liquid or a gas, often called trash, refuse or garbage.

Solid waste has increased in the U.S. because of increased population, disposable packaging, and excessive packaging.

Solid waste in the U.S. is at approximately 4.5 pounds per person per day. This is enough garbage to fill 80,000 garbage trucks a day or 190 million metric tons a year.

Waste Generation

Chapter 17 Solid and Hazardous Waste

Waste not produced by businesses is called Municipal Solid Waste (MSW).

The US has 4.6% of the world's population yet we produce 33% of the solid waste in the world!


2

October 13, 2014

Whose responsibility is it to get rid of your trash? The local government, the private sector???

What does it cost to get rid of your trash?Private enterprise will be competitive.

What kind of waste do we get rid of? Is it the same in every neighborhood, in every part of the country. Compare the type and amount of waste a hospital generates to the waste generated by a neigborhood in your area.

What is the waste stream made of?

What is the biggest component ofour waste???


3

October 13, 2014

Municipal solid waste was burned in open dumps until the 1960's.

We are using landfills today for disposing of about 55% of our trash. In a landfill the waste is placed in or on the ground and covered daily with a layer of soil.

Disadvantages include the leaching of chemicals from the landfill and contamination of the groundwater, methane production, incomplete decomposition and settling.

Paper is the biggest component of what goes to landfills (38%), yard waste is next (12%), then food waste (11%) and 10% is plastics.

Developing countries still dispose of waste in open dumps such as Mexico and India. Also found in Ghana, South Africa, Philippines, Peru, Brazil, China and Malaysia to name a few.


4

October 13, 2014

About 2/3 of the waste in landfills is organic and will break down naturallyover time. The waste has been buried so it will break down without oxygen. Abyproduct of this decomposition is BIOGAS.

Biogas is methane, hydrogen and carbon dioxide - a FLAMABLE mixture. Biogas can seeps through rock layers horizontally and may fill basements which cancause explosions!

The biogas may be tapped into and the methane purified for use as fuel. Pattonville High School is heated with methane recovered from the landfill across from Verizon.

Some items in the landfills take so long to degrade (plastic bottles take a million years) which has led to the development of biodegradable plastics. Biodegradable means it will degrade back to the original carbon compounds such as carbon dioxide and water.

Even things like newspapers take 30 years to degrade.

Settling problems occur in landfills. The waste compacts and decomposes, buildings can not be placed on old landfills although things things like playgrounds & golf courses can be placed there.

Some people believe that in the future our old landfills will be mined to recover valuable resources such as aluminum.


5

October 13, 2014

The EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) regulates landfills guidelines now include:Placement on high ground.A contoured floor that is covered with clay or plastic so that leachate can be

collected.Landfills are pyramid shaped, capped with clay, topsoil and seeded. The shape

helps shed water.The site is surrounded with groundwater monitoring wells that must be

periodically checked forever.


6

October 13, 2014

Approximately 16% of the waste stream is burned in combustion facilities. Advantages of combustion are:

This reduces the weight of the trash by 70% - means a reduction in what is placed in landfills.

The ash from toxic or hazardous substances is easier to control.No changes in trash collection are needed.Most facilities generate electricity which is sold to offset costs. Scrubbers

and filters remove items from the emissions.

When energy is sold from combustion it is called Waste to Energy (WE).If the waste is separated and recovered before or after combustion it is called

Resource Recovery.


7

October 13, 2014

A couple different ideas on dealing with solid waste include waste management or waste reduction.

The approach of waste management is considered a high waste approach which means waste production is unavoidable so mix waste together, crush it, bury, burn or ship it elsewhere.

The approach of waste reduction is considered a low waste approach which looks at waste as a resource that can be reused, recycled or composted.

Scientists and economists believe solid waste can be reduced by 60-80%.


8

October 13, 2014

The Sustainability Six is an approach to reducing solid waste and includes:

1-Consume less.2-Redesign manufacturing to use less material and energy.3-Redesign manufacturing to produce less waste.4-Develop products that are easy to repair, reuse,

compost or recycle.5-Design products to last longer.6-Eliminate or reduce packaging.

Non-returnable containers make up 6% of the waste and accounts for 90% ofthe non-biodegradable roadside litter..

Bottle laws in some states require the recycling or reuse of beverage containers. States with bottle laws have 80-97% return of the containers.


9

October 13, 2014

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yu5J5HQk6VY

GOOD IDEA?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yu5J5HQk6VY


10

October 13, 2014

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PmVnin3MUqk

NOT SO MUCHhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kki32mt8p6w&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PmVnin3MUqk

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kki32mt8p6w&feature=related


11

October 13, 2014

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cuhWtnujroQ&feature=fvsr

USA TODAY

FritoLay quietly sacked its "green" but noisy SunChips bag.Roughly 18 months after FritoLay, launched a biodegradable SunChips bag made from plant material that was billed as 100% compostable, the company is yanking the noisy material from the packages of five of six SunChips flavors immediately.The company is returning them to their former bags that can't be recycled but won't wake the neighbors.

Sales were down 11%.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cuhWtnujroQ&feature=fvsr


12

October 13, 2014

SunChips Biodegradable Bag Made Quieter For Critics

BOCA RATON, Fla. — FritoLay hopes to make some big noise with a quieter version of its biodegradable SunChips bag.

The company introduced a biodegradable bag for the snacks in April of 2009 with a big marketing effort to play up its environmentally friendly nature as it was made from plants and not plastic and could break down in compost.

However, customers complained the bag was too loud. The stiffer material made it give off noise of that, measured in decibels, is about as loud as a busy city street. The criticism grew so deafening that the company switched back to its original bag for most flavors in October.

"It was interesting we got a lot of extremely positive feedback ... but on the same hand we heard one overwhelming complaint," said Brad Rodgers, manager of sustainable packaging for PepsiCo advanced research.

PepsiCo Inc., which owns FritoLay, spent a good chunk of last year trying to find a solution.

The company found that if it used a different adhesive to put together the two layers of a bag – one which protects the food on the inside and one which carries the logo and labels on the outside – it created a sort of noise barrier.

Rodgers said engineers looked at dozens of possible options. He admitted that he was initially suspect of the theory that the razorthin layer of adhesive would solve such a big problem. But engineers found that a more rubberlike adhesive really did absorb some of the sound.

The company's first design gave off noise that registered at roughly 80 to 85 decibels. The new design dampens the noise to around 70 decibels, on par with its original packaging and most other chip bags.

FritoLay's new bag is arriving in stores now. However, it will only be seen on the company's plain flavored chips, the only one of its varieties that never switched back to plastic.

The company said it will wait to hear from customers before deciding whether to use the new packaging for other flavors or products.

The snack company would not disclose how much it spent on the bag efforts.

FritoLay, based in Purchase, N.Y., is one of several companies trying to develop more sustainable packages. This helps companies fulfill new environmental ethos, appeal to shoppers' desire to go green and, in some cases, cut costs as they shift away from plastic that is made largely with costly oil.

Huffington Post, April 2, 2012


13

October 13, 2014

The eco-industrial revolution is trying to mimic nature. In nature the waste or remains of one organism becomes the nutrients of another.

In Europe, 1/3 of industrial wastes are sold or given away as materials for other industries. This is called biomimcry because it is mimics what nature does.


14

October 13, 2014

Reuse of products reduces the use of matter and energy, cuts pollution, waste, creates jobs and saves money. This can be as easy as salvaging parts of an old barn. Almost 80% of the electronic waste from the US goes to Asia for recovery of the useable parts. The down side of this is that environmental laws are weak there so many people are exposed to toxic materials.

Reuse of grocery bags, reusing refillable containers are simple ways of accomplishing this.

What can you do?Buy drinks in refillable containers.Reuse lunch containers.Take sandwiches in reuseable containers.Use rechargeable batteries.


15

October 13, 2014

Recycling is taking a discarded object and making into something new. The primary products recycled are:

paperglassaluminumsteelsome plastics


16

October 13, 2014

Recycling is driven by economics.Municipal Recycling is successful if:

Strong incentive - costMandatoryIf recycling is curbside with free binsLocal industries recycleExperienced coordinator

Markets for recyclable's fluctuates. Some say if recycling doesn't pay for itself it shouldn't be done.

Post-consumer waste used in making recycled products has a greater impact than using pre-consumer waste. Post consumer means products that have been purchased and used are recycled. Pre consumer means the waste from producing a product is recycled such as cardboard waste not used to make a cereal box.


17

October 13, 2014

Recycling

More than 75% of MSW can be recycled, the largest portion is paper.

ONLY 30% OF OUR MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE IS RECYCLED OR COMPOSTED.


18

October 13, 2014

Plastics

Plastic production increased at 10% a year for the last 30 years.Waste is disposed of in plastic bags.Microbes can't break down plastics so they are virtually "eternal."

Plastics are marked on the bottom inside the recycling triangle with a number indicating the type of plastic used. All type 1 & 2 plastics are recyclable.

Use of recycled plastic for food containers is restricted.Some plastics are used to make carpet, clothing, etc.

Many plastics are of mixed resin so that is why they are difficult to recycle.


19

October 13, 2014


20

October 13, 2014

http://www.poconorecord.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080506/MULTIMEDIA02/80505016

Plastic Bag Trash



21

October 13, 2014

Plastic Pollution

http://www.algalita.org/pdf/plasticintheenvironment.pdf


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_pRy88R4BI&safe=active

http://www.algalita.org/pdf/plastic-in-the-environment.pdf


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_pRy88R-4BI&safe=active


22

October 13, 2014

http://www.usatoday.com/life/lifestyle/20091116plastiki16_VA_N.htm?loc=interstitialskip

Article in USA Today, Nov. 16, 2009

http://www.usatoday.com/life/lifestyle/2009-11-16-plastiki16_VA_N.htm?loc=interstitialskip


23

October 13, 2014


24

October 13, 2014


25

October 13, 2014


26

October 13, 2014


27

October 13, 2014

http://sustainablestormwater.org/2011/10/28/pacificgarbagepatchsettogetabonusdonationfromjapanstsunami/

Look what is coming at us from the Japanese earthquake from the spring of 2011.

http://sustainablestormwater.org/2011/10/28/pacific-garbage-patch-set-to-get-a-bonus-donation-from-japans-tsunami/


28

October 13, 2014

Composting of yard waste and food scraps involves the process of breaking downthe products by decomposition. The humus that results can be used as fertilizeror soil builder. This is a type of recycling.

Composting with worms


29

October 13, 2014

Composting Bin in your yard for lawn waste.


30

October 13, 2014

Recycling at FHC calculation sheet, next slide.


31

October 13, 2014

3. How many recycle days a week? _______ On average how many weeks in a month? _________ If the school year is an average of 8.5 months, how many recycle days per

year? _______

4. _______ X ________ bags Al = ___________ bags of aluminum/year

_______ X _________ bags bottles = __________ bags of bottles/year

5. ____ yd X ____ yd X ____ yd = _________ yd3

____ bags Al X ____ yd3 = _________ yd3 of Al/recycle day

____ bags bottles X ____ yd3 = _______ yd3 of bottles / recycle day

6. Aluminum _____ bags X ______ yd3 = ________ yd3 saved per year

Bottles ______ bags X ______ yd3 = _______ yd3 saved per year

A

B

A

B

C

C

C

D

D

E

E


32

October 13, 2014

Hazardous waste is any solid or liquid that is toxic, ignitable, corrosive or reactive.

Developed countries produce the most of this type of waste in the world. Why?

The government passed a set of laws called RCRA - Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. This sets standards on hazardous wastes and issues permits for how much can be produces and disposed of. These permit holders must have a "cradle to grave" system to track this material and must submit proof to the Environmental Protection Association concerning the chemical.

Hazardous Waste


33

October 13, 2014

Heavy metals are used in industry, batteries, electronics, pesticides, medicines, paints, inks and dyes. Many are dangerous because they are water soluble making them easily absorbed into the body. The most dangerous are: mercury, lead, arsenic, cadmium, tin, chromium, zinc and copper.

The US sends electronic waste overseas to be recycled or "deconstructed". We don't wantto be exposed to the toxic chemicals and heavy metals - but it is ok to send them somewhere else. The problemwith this is that in developing countries they have weak environmental laws and children end up doing the work. This is an example of environmental bias or environmental justice.


34

October 13, 2014

Children will eat paint chips or puttoys in their mouth that are covered withlead based paint. This happened with toys imported from China and caused alarm a few years ago. Lead pain is found in older homes and has been outlawed in the U.S.. Lead poisoning can lead to mental retardation. Lead mining is big industry south of St. Louis and the town of Doe Run has lead dust throughout the town.


35

October 13, 2014

Non-biodegradable synthetic organics are similar to natural organic compounds and are absorbed by the body. Low doses over long periods of time can lead to poisoning and death. They may be mutagenic, carcinogenic, or cause birth defects. These are from the production of plastics, synthetic fibers, synthetic rubber, paint-like coatings, solvents, pesticides, and wood preservatives.

POP or persistant organic pollutants are around for LONG periods of time which makes them dangerous.


36

October 13, 2014

When chemicals accumulate in an organisms tissues it is called bioaccumulation.Small amounts over long periods reach toxic levels. The concentration goes up throughthe food chain. This multiplying affect is biomagnification.

Give two examples of biomagnification:

DDT in the US.Mercury in Japan.

Biomagnification on Internet

http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/D/DDTandTrophicLevels.html

Mercury got into the fish which people ate.

http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/D/DDTandTrophicLevels.html


37

October 13, 2014


38

October 13, 2014


39

October 13, 2014

Superfund for Toxic Sites

A federal program was created in 1980 to fund the cleanup of chemical waste sites.

Not all sites can be cleaned up at the same time, priorities have been set.

1. Sites are analyzed in terms of current and potential threats to groundwater supplies. If the threat is not immediate, nothing may be done.

2. If there is a threat to human health immediate measures are taken to protect human health.

3. The worst sites are put on a National Priorities List (NPL) andscheduled for cleanup.

Taxpayers pay for this cleanup, it is not paid for by the producer of the waste. (Yes the producers of the waste pay taxes also.)


40

October 13, 2014

Most Superfund cleanups involve the burning of contaminated soil in special on-siteincinerators. Bioremediation is injecting oxygen and bacteria to break downthe pollutants.

Cleanup is expensive and slow. Approximately 50% of Superfund money goesto litigation, not the cleanup. (Litigation means lawyers and law suits.)

How clean is clean????? Should the contaminates be decreased by 90%, 95%, 99%, 99.9%?? Each increment may double the cost of the cleanup.

$$$$Missouri's Superfund Sites

http://www.epa.gov/superfund/sites/npl/nar1238.htm

http://www.epa.gov/superfund/sites/query/queryhtm/npltotal.htm Sites in general in the U.S.

Weldon Spring site .

http://www.epa.gov/superfund/sites/npl/nar1238.htm

http://www.epa.gov/superfund/sites/query/queryhtm/npltotal.htm


41

October 13, 2014

Superfund Cleanups


42

October 13, 2014

Love Canal in the state of New York was a dump site for toxic wastes and was covered over and a neighborhood built on the site. Liquids started to come to the surface, children started getting sick. This was in the late 1970's.

People that lived there were never told what had been there before. 810 families were relocated. This was the beginning of the movement that led to the Superfund program. It is much better to PREVENT the pollution than to have to CLEAN it up later.

Times Beach, MO is another example of a superfund site, the people of the town had to evacute. Weldon Springs is another site close to home!


43

October 13, 2014

Disposal of hazardous chemicals.

1. Deep well injectionpumping of waste into the ground

2. Surface impoundmentsdig out an area (pond) and keep waste there

3. Landfillscover it with earth - barriers may breakdown

4. Illegal dumping - Midnight Dumpers

5. Burn it


44

October 13, 2014

EPA estimates that 150 million tons of hazardous wastes are generateper year in the U.S. which leads to three problems.

Assuring safe drinking water and cleaning messes that already exist.

Regulating the handling and disposal of wastes being produced toprotect public and environmental health.

Looking for future solutions.


45

October 13, 2014

Many people adopt a NIMBY approach, not in my backyard.

Low waste society would help prevent pollution and reduce waste. This can be done if we live by four key principals.

- Everything is connected.-There is no "away" for the wastes we produce.-Dilution is not always the solution to pollution.-The best and cheapest way to deal with waste and pollution

is to produce less and to reduce and recycle.


46

October 13, 2014

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_pRy88R4BI

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_pRy88R-4BI


47

October 13, 2014

Documents

Chapter 17 Solid and Hazardous Wastefhsdfhc.sharpschool.net/UserFiles/Servers/Server... · Chapter 17 Smartboard Notes solid and hazardous waste.notebook 14 October 13, 2014 Reuse