Chapter 10: Section 1 Main Ideas

Main Idea #1: Islam was created by Muhammad in 570 ACE

Main Idea #2: Islam is monotheistic, Allah is God, Quran is the sacred text of Islam, and Prophets were Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and Muhammad (last great prophet)

Main Idea #3: Followers of Islam are called Muslims, and Muslims are to follow the 5 Pillars

• Section 1: The Rise of Islam begins in the Arabian Peninsula (mostly desert) involving Bedouins & Arabs

• Muhammad Becomes a Prophet, was born in 570 ACE in Mecca, as a youth he worked as a shepherd, later led caravans across the desert as a merchant, married at 25, and Muhammad was known for his honesty

– Muhammad Becomes God’s Messenger through meditation in a cave and being called to be a messenger of God by the angel Gabriel (start of Islam, and Allah was the Arabic word for God)

– The Hijra: A Turning Point came as Muhammad was threatened with murder, then started his hijra or journey moving to Yathrib (Medina)

• People of Medina became a umma (Muslim community), came back to Mecca and destroyed the idols in the Kaaba and rededicated to Allah

• Teachings of Islam: monotheistic (Allah), Quran (sacred text of Islam), people are responsible for their own actions, and Prophets were Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and Muhammad (last great prophet)

– Muslims Study the Quran (sacred word of God to Muhammad) to know and practice God’s will for life (ethical standards: honesty, generosity, and social justice)

– Muslims Follow Duties (5 Pillars: 1. declaration of faith; 2. pray 5 times a day; 3. give to charity; 4. practice the holy month of Ramadan (fasting from sunrise to sunset); 5. to make the hajj(pilgrimage to Mecca)

• Jihad, or struggle in God’s service, usually dealt with personal duty for Muslims (overcoming immorality within themselves)

• Islam: (A Way of Life) begins to govern daily life, and Islam determines behavior and family relations

–Sharia – Islamic System of Law regulates moral, family, business, government and other aspects of life (developed by Muslim scholars, and does not separate religion from criminal or civil law)

اإلسالم Activity…

Beginnings

of Islam

Basic Beliefs

of Islam

Create a word map showing the beginnings and basic teachings of Islam

Muhammad created Islam

Muhammad Meditated in

a cave

Muhammad was visited by

the angel Gabriel

Islam began in Mecca / Arabian

Peninsula

Kaaba was dedicated to Allah / Islam

Pillar #1: declaration of

faith

Pillar #2: Pray 5 times a day

Pillar #3: Give to Charity

Pillar #4: Celebrate Ramadan

Pillar #5: Hajj to Mecca /

Kaaba

Sharia LawQuran is the sacred text

Began in 570 ACE

Groups of followers

were called Umma

Jihad / Personal Struggle

Chapter 10: Section 2 Main Ideas

Main Idea #1: Muslims defeat the Byzantine & Persian Empires

Main Idea #2: Islam splits over who should be caliph, creating Sunnis and Shiites

Main Idea #3: Umayyad Empire is the first major Islamic empire, and includes Spain, the Byzantine Empire, North Africa, and into France

Main Idea #4: Abbasid Empire is the second major Islamic empire, and focused on learning and encouraging conversion

• Section 2: Building a Muslim Empire was in doubt when Muhammad died

• Early Challenges to Islam occurred as no successor had been named, but Abu Bakr (Muhammad’s father-in-law) was named the first caliph (leader of Islam)

• Divisions Emerge Within Islam over who should be chosen to lead the Islam (Sunni and Shiite)

– Sunnis: Muhammad was the last prophet, future caliphs would be decided upon their political position / ability, caliphs had to be a male from Muhammad’s tribe, and people followed the customs of the community

– Shiites: Ali, Muhammad’s son-in-law, should be caliph and only decedents could rule

– Today’s differences: religious practice, law, and daily life (90% of Muslims are Sunni; Shiites live in Iran, Lebanon, Iraq, and Yemen; Shiite sect splits creating several groups)

Venn Diagram Sunni & Shiite Islam Sects

ShiiteSunni

•Muhammad is

founder

•Quran is sacred text

•Follow 5 Pillars

•Sharia is used

• Caliph should be

the most capable

• Represent 10%-

15% of Muslims

• Caliph should be

a blood relative of

Muhammad• Represent 90%-

85% of Muslims

• Located in N. Africa,

Middle East, India,

Indonesia

• Located in Syria,

Lebanon, Iraq, Iran,

and Yemen

• Umayyad (661-750) Caliphs Build an Empire expanding Islam to Spain, Morocco, Indus River

–Expanding the Muslim Empire encompassed Spain, the Byzantine Empire, North Africa, and into France (stopped at the Battle of Tours)

• Rise of the Abbasids (750-850) began as Abu al-Abbas, Muhammad’s uncle, gained support from Shiite and non-Arab Muslims, and took over from the Umayyad dynasty (killed Umayyad family)

– Splendors of Baghdad (became the Muslim capital) was protected by a large wall, and focused on learning, had markets, palaces, and mosques (palaces and mosques known for their minarets)

• The Muslim Empire Declines through invasions by the Seljuk Turks & Mongols

– Seljuk Turks Take Control by migrating from the Central Asia, adopted Islam, and built an empire across the Fertile Crescent (which would eventually led to the crusades)

– Mongols Sweep Across Central Asia in 1216 and in 1258 (migrating from Central Asia) as Genghis Khan & Hulagu (Genghis’s grandson) looted and burned Baghdad (killing the last Abbasid caliph)

Chapter 10: Section 3 Main Ideas

Main Idea #1: Muslim… Social Advances: ended slavery and allowed social

mobilityEconomic Advances: trade network, unified system of

weights and measuresMain Idea #2: Muslim… Art: had no figures of gods and/or human figures in

Islamic religious artArchitecture: known for minarets, arches, and decorated

with calligraphy Main Idea #3: Muslim knowledge had advances in

philosophy, history, mathematics, and sciences (medicine); both boys and girls received elementary education

• Section 3: Muslim Civilization’s Golden Age had freedom of religion and revival of Greco-Roman learning

• Social and Economic Advances included Arab, Persian, Egyptian, African, European, Mongol, Turkish, Indian, and Southeast Asian people (blending many traditions)

– Muslims Build an International Trade Network between 750-1350 using the Silk Road spreading products, technologies, knowledge, and using money, implemented partnerships, credit, banking

– Manufactured Goods Are Highly Valued as guilds set prices, weights and measures were used, methods of production developed, and the quality of the product increased

– Social Structure and Slavery allowed for social mobility, but slavery was common such as household servants and artisans (Islamic law encouraged the freeing of slaves as an act of charity)

• Muslim Art, Literature, and Architecture were a collection of many different cultural traditions in the arts (no figures of gods and/or human figures in Islamic religious art)

– Poetry and Tales of Adventure dealt with desert journeys, joys of battle, or the glories of their clans, chivalry; poetry developed rules and explored religious and worldly themes

• Firdawsi wrote in Persian using Arabic script, and his greatest work was the Book of the Kings; Omar Kyayyam (Muslim scholar and astronomer) wrote The Rubaiyat; The Thousand and One Nights were a group of tales narrated by a fictional princess

– Religious Buildings had domes and minarets and arches, and were decorated with calligraphy

Muslim AchievementsCultural

Area

Example from the Golden Age of

Muslim Civilization

Examples in the United States how we incorporate or use a

Muslim advancement

Economics

Arts

Literature

Philosophy

Science

Chapter 10: Section 4 Main Ideas

Main Idea #1: Delhi Sultanate rules over northern India

Main Idea #2: Muslims and Hindus clash due to the differences between Islam & Hinduism

Main Idea #3: Muhgal India had a strong central government, a policy of toleration, used paid officials, and treated Hindu princes as equals

• Section 4: India’s Muslim Empires became a blend of Islam and Hindu traditions

• The Delhi Sultanate came to power as the Gupta Empire fell and broke into kingdoms

– Muslim Rule Changes Indian Gov. introducing Muslim traditions and developed trade & education

– The Sultans Lose Power when Tamerlane invaded northern India in 1398, enslaved thousands, and the Sultan no longer controlled a large empire (region broke into rival Hindu and Muslim states)

• Muslims and Hindus Clash brought chaos and destruction on Hindus and Buddhists (killing many)

– Hindu-Muslim Differences: Muslims – a newer faith, one sacred text, one god, equality, no religious hierarchy; Hindus – thousands of years old, many gods, many sacred texts

– A Blending of Cultures occurred to unify government, religion, and economics saying Hinduism is monotheistic, rajahs ruled local provinces

• Muslim absorbed marriage customs, caste ideas, and urdu (new language, combination of Persian, Arabic, and Indian)

• The religion of Sikhism was a blending of Islam and Hindu beliefs / customs

• Mughal India was created when Turkish and Mongol armies poured through mountain passes into India (led by Babur, who claimed to be a descendant of Genghis Khan)

– Babur Founds the Mughal Dynasty by defeating a larger and stronger army led by the sultan Ibrahim and created the Mughal Dynasty (Mughal is the Persian word for “Mongol”)

– Akbar the Great (1556-1605) created a strong central government through toleration, he used paid officials rather than hereditary ones, and treated Hindu princes as partners

– Akbar’s Successors, his son Jahangir and grandson Shah Jahan, were weaker rulers

• Shah Jahan’s wife passed away and Shah built her a tomb (Taj Mahal), which is the greatest monument of the Mughal empire

Three Religions

Islam

Monotheistic, Religious & Moral duties in 5 PillarsBelief in Heaven, Hell, Judgment DayNo priests; all believers are religious equals

Hinduism

PolytheisticEmphasis on religious and moral duties, or dharmaBelief in a cycle of birth, death, and rebirth

Sikhism

Belief in the “Unity of God”

Belief in Reincarnation

Rejection of Caste

Chapter 10: Section 5 Main Ideas

Main Idea #1: Ottoman Empire takes over the Byzantine Empire

Main Idea #2: Ottoman Culture had a strong government, system of justice, had a strong army, Govt. and religion worked together

Main Idea #3: Safavid (Shiite) Empire fought with Ottomans & Mughals (both Sunni)

• Section 5: The Ottoman and Safavid Empiresdominated the Middle East through new military technology (some call this time period 1450 – 1650 “the age of gunpowder empires”)

• The Ottoman Empire Expands in Central Asia, in Asia Minor, and into Eastern Europe’s Balkan Peninsula

– Constantinople Falls to the Ottomans (renamed Istanbul)

• Ottoman Culture had a strong government, system of justice, a strong army, and had a theocracy

• Ottoman Culture had a strong government, system of justice, had a strong army, and gov and religion worked together

– Society is Organized Into Classes: “men of the sword” (all Muslims), “men of the pen” (all Muslims), “men of negotiation” (mixed) and “men of husbandry” (mixed)

• People were organized into Millets (religious communities, each with its own leader)

– Janizaries – The Elite Force made Christian families pay a large tax and give up their sons for military service (boys were converted to Islam and trained, and the best soldiers were put in the janizaries)

– Literature and the Arts produced detailed miniatures and illuminated manuscripts

– Decline of the Ottomans began with Suleiman’s death, bureaucracy became corrupt, and Europeans advance

• The Safavid Empire (present day Iran) was sandwiched between Ottomans and Mughals, which created war (Safavids were Shiites & Ottomans were Sunnis)

PBS Documentary Islam, Empire of Faith