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Chapter 17: Age of Absolute Monarchs
Sections 1 & 2
Extending Spanish Power
France Under Louis XIV
The Hapsburg EmpireCharles V (1506-1556)
• 1500s: Spain emerged as a European power• 1506: inherited father Philip I (Handsome) of
Spain’s lands in the Netherlands; mother was Joanna “the mad” of Castile (became deranged when Philip died of typhus at age 28); aunt was Joanna’s sister Catherine (married Henry VIII!)
• 1519: Charles V/Charles I of Spain (grandson of Isabella & Ferdinand) inherited a huge empire (Spain, Netherlands, HRE).
• Ruled an empire in which “the sun does not set.”• Devout Catholic…but forced to recognize Peace of
Augsburg (1555)• Greatest enemy: Ottoman Empire & Suleiman the
Magnificent
Abdication of Charles V (1556)• 1556: He gave up his empire to brother,
next HRE, Ferdinand (Hapsburg lands) & son Philip (Spain, Netherlands, S. Italy and possessions in the Americas).
• Retired to a monastery in Yuste, Spain• Died Sept. 21, 1558 of malaria; also suffered
from severe gout• His remains were transferred to El Escorial
26 years later by his son Philip II.
Suleiman the Magnificent1520-1566
• Known as the Lawgiver in the Islamic world
• Fair ruler, opponent of corruption, patron of artists & philosophers
• He was a goldsmith & poet• Oversaw Golden Age of
Ottoman Empire• Annexed Middle East/North
Africa; conquered Rhodes, Belgrade, Hungary and laid siege to Vienna
• Died in his tent in Hungary (age 72)
Philip II (1556-1598) & Divine Right
• Ruled Spain as absolute monarch for 42 yrs.• Believed his authority to rule came from god = divine
right• Strengthened the govt. and defended the Counter
Reformation; supported the Inquisition• Lived in somber palace of San Lorenzo de El Escorial outside
Madrid; served as both a monastery and burial place --- after a horrible experience accompanying his mother’s corpse from N. Spain to Granada for burial next to his great-grandparents Isabella & Ferdinand, he vowed to build a burial site closer to home.
• San Lorenzo was a Spanish martyr roasted on a grill/gridiron (El Escorial is shaped like this) in Rome; his feast day was being celebrated when Philip II defeated France in the Battle of San Quentin on August 10, 1557.
Crypt of the Kings/Royal Pantheon
Panteón de los Infantes
Crypt facts & figures• the body of every king and queen (only those who became
mothers of kings!) since Carlos I (HRE Charles V), in 1558, except three -- Felipe V, Ferdinand VI, and Amadeus of Savoy – are buried here.
• Current King, Juan Carlos I, will not be buried in this octagonal room – no more space!
• The rulers' bodies lie in 26 marble and bronze sarcophagi that line the walls (three of which are empty) – waiting to be filled by Juan Carlos’ grandparents and father.
• royal sons and daughters who never ruled (and died before age 7) lie nearby in the Panteón de los Infantes (a single circular cake-like tomb made of Carrara marble).
• Rotting Room!: place for corpses to turn to skeletons to fit inside the golden caskets (approx. 1 yard long).
• ARE THEY STILL ROTTING?: Juan Carlos’ grandfather died in 1941, and his grandmother died in 1964!
Wars of Philip II• 1571: defeated Turks at Battle of Lepanto• 1560s: battled Protestant rebels (rebelling against the
Inquisition) in the Netherlands…1581: Dutch Netherlands split from the Catholic “south”
• 1580s: Queen Elizabeth I seen as chief Protestant enemy --- 1588: Philip sent his Armada to fight the English Sea Dogs in the English Channel
• Sir Francis Drake – called “Master Thief of the Unknown World”
• English defeated the Spanish Armada; Elizabeth’s greatest victory
Philip II vs. Elizabeth IJuly 29, 1588
• Spanish Armada took 130 ships (converted merchant ships; broad & heavy) and 30,000+ men with the mission to land near Dover, England.
• English had approx. 200 ships• English set fire to empty ships and sent them into the
Spanish fleet; this disrupted a planned meeting with the Duke of Parma’s army in SE England.
• English blocked southern end of the Channel/Spanish had to retreat home NORTH over England, Scotland & Ireland!
• Strong storms “Protestant Winds” led to the loss of ½ of Spanish Armada and ¾ of men
Golden Age of Spain1550-1650
• Philip II – patron of the arts
• Art (mannerism): El Greco, Diego Velazquez (famous court painter)
• Writing: Lope de Vega, Miguel de Cervantes
El Greco (1541-1614)
• Domenikos Theotokopoulos
• Born in Crete• Lived in Toledo• Spent time in Venice and
Rome• Studied Titian,
Michelangelo & Raphael• Emotional intensity,
distorted images, religious intensity in his work
The Burial of Count OrgazEl Greco
Las Meninas/Maids of Honor of the Royal Children (The Family of Philip IV):
Diego Velasquez
France Under Louis XIV
• 1600s: France replaced Spain as most powerful European country
• 1560s-1590: religious wars btw. Huguenots and Catholics
• Aug. 24, 1572: St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre --- 3,000 Protestants massacred 1 week after the royal wedding day of Henry of Navarre (IV) (Protestant) to Marguerite de Valois, daughter of Catherine de Medici & Henry II of France (Catholic)
• Approx. 70,000 massacred over many months
Catherine de Medici (1519-1589)
• Married Henry II (France) at age 14 (he was also 14)• Uncle was Pope Clement VII, who refused to annul Henry
VIII’s marriage• Competed with Henry’s mistress, Diane de Poitiers• Mastered the art of lying & assassination by poisoning• Was a woman of fashion & luxury (high heels and corsets &
lavish banquets)• May have orchestrated the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
due to the fact that her son, King Charles IX, was getting “too close” to Huguenot Admiral Gaspard de Coligny
• Married her oldest daughter, Elizabeth, to Philip II of Spain
King Henry II (1547-1559)• Produced 10 children with
Catherine de Medici • Son Charles IX ruled during
St. B.D. Massacre• Daughter Marguerite married
Charles IV• Died in a jousting match when
a sliver from a shattered wooden lance penetrated the closed visor, his right eye and into his brain
• He died 11 days later.• Royal surgeon Ambroise Paré
& Andreas Vesalius tried to save him.
• Died on July 10th; buried in Saint Denis Basilica.
Nostradamus’ Prediction
• The Lion shall overcome the oldon the field of war in a single combat (duelle);He will pierce his eyes in a cage of goldThis is the first of two lappings, then he dies a cruel death.
• Catherine de Medici had the Comte de Montgomery (jousting opponent) beheaded, as well as 4 criminals, who had lances thrust into their eyes at the same angle as Henry’s wound – to help the doctors find a cure.
Henry IV (1553-1610)
• Huguenot prince…inherited French throne in 1589• Annulled his marriage to Marguerite (Henry II’s
daughter); married Marie de Medici --- had 6 children• Baptized a Catholic, but raised a Protestant by his mother• Converted back to Catholicism… “Paris is well worth a
mass.”• Edict of Nantes (1598): granted protestants toleration in a
catholic country• Stabbed to death by a fanatical Catholic assassin, François
Ravaillac, in 1610• 9 yr. old son, Louis XIII, took the throne
Louis XIII (1610-1643)• Oldest son of Henry IV and Marie de Medici• Maria served as regent until Louis was 13 yrs. of
age.• Married Anne of Austria at age 14• Appointed Cardinal Richelieu as his chief minister• Richelieu’s goal was to destroy power of the
Huguenots & nobles and strengthen the monarchy.• Richelieu’s successor Cardinal Mazarin served as
chief minister to Louis XIV, who inherited the throne in 1643 at the age of 5. Louis XIII may have died of tuberculosis.
Louis XIV (1643-1715)“The Sun King”
• (1661) Mazarin died & Louis took power of the throne himself (age 23) & ruled for 72 years…longest reign of any European monarch
• Regents were Cardinal Mazarin and Anne of Austria • Believed in divine right, took the sun as his symbol of
absolute power, and motto was “I am the state.”• Never called a meeting of the Estates General; royal
power went unchecked!• Strengthened French army, appointed intendants to
carry out policy• Army (300,000 +) became one of the strongest in Europe
Louis XIV continued• Appointed Jean Baptiste
Colbert as his finance minister• Mercantilist who boosted
French economy• Put high tariffs on imported
goods• Encouraged overseas colonies
and closely regulated trade with the colonies in N. America: St. Louis, Missouri; Mobile, Alabama; Biloxi, Mississippi; Baton Rouge & New Orleans, Louisiana; Quebec, Montreal
• Died on September 1, 1715 of gangrene poisoning (cause unknown)
Louis XIV continued
• Louis XIV also revoked the Edict of Nantes (1685); led to over 100,000 Huguenots fleeing France; their loss was as serious a blow to France as the loss of Jews & Muslims from Spain.
• Louis died in 1715; 5 year-old great grandson Louis XV inherited the throne; his only surviving son, Louis, died in 1711. *He and Marie-Therese had 5 children die in infancy.
• Louis XV died of smallpox at Versailles. • His great-great grandson Louis XVI took the throne and
married Marie Antoinette. They were both beheaded in the guillotine (1793) during the French Revolution.
Marie-Therese• Wife of Louis XIV; married in
1660• Daughter of King Philip IV of
Spain; granddaughter of Henry IV & Marie de Medici
• She was short, dwarflike & had the Hapsburg lip (extended lower jaw; genetic defect)
• He had at least 3 mistresses and many illegitimate children
• Died on July 30, 1683 (poisoning or cancer???)
Name Birth DeathLouis de France, Fils de France, le Grand Dauphin
1 November 1661
14 April 1711
Anne-Élisabeth de France, Fille de France November 18, 1662
December 30, 1662
Marie-Anne de France, Fille de France November 16, 1664
December 26, 1664
Marie-Thérèse de France, Fille de France, la Petite Madame
January 2, 1667
March 1, 1672
Philippe-Charles de France, Fils de France, duc d'Anjou
August 5, 1668
July 10, 1671
Louis-François de France, Fils de France, duc d'Anjou
June 14, 1672 November 4, 1672
Versailles and Royal Power• Built palace at Versailles (1668-1710): 4 building
campaigns• 1st court officially held on May 6, 1682• Had 1,300 rooms, housed 10,000 people, had magnificent
halls (Hall of Mirrors), salons, mirrors, chandeliers, paintings, statues, gardens, fountains (1,500) and flowers (tulips)
• Perfected elaborate ceremonies such as the levee or rising, which kept the nobility occupied
• Patron of the arts: painting, music, ballet, architecture, academies of arts and sciences
War of Spanish Succession (1700-1713)
• King Charles II of Spain died w/o an heir and named Philip V, grandson of Louis XIV, King of Spain.
• Louis’ mother (Anne of Austria) & his wife/cousin (Marie-Therese) were both Spanish princesses.
• HRE Leopold I also claimed the throne as an Austrian Hapsburg. Charles II was his first cousin.
• Louis XIV wanted to unite France and Spain as one.• English & Dutch led the fight to prevent a shift in the
balance of power in Europe.• Treaty of Utrecht---Philip V remained King of Spain
(although a French Bourbon), BUT France agreed never to unite the two crowns
