Chapter 16Chapter 16

Discussion and ReviewDiscussion and Review

Magna Carta 1215Magna Carta 1215 Taxation only with representation Taxation only with representation

no unusual taxes except by agreement of no unusual taxes except by agreement of people’s representatives people’s representatives

Right to trial Right to trial trial to be proven guilty by peers trial to be proven guilty by peers

Limits to royal power Limits to royal power monarch must govern by law not by whimmonarch must govern by law not by whim Guaranteed the nobles hereditary rights Guaranteed the nobles hereditary rights By 1500, the English parliament became a By 1500, the English parliament became a

permanent check on royal powerpermanent check on royal power

Hundred Years’ War, 1337–1453Hundred Years’ War, 1337–1453

Joan of Arc: Turning pointJoan of Arc: Turning point

From 1429 to 1431, From 1429 to 1431, Joan’s successes Joan’s successes in battle rallied the in battle rallied the French forces to French forces to victory. victory.

French armies French armies continued to win continued to win even after she was even after she was executed by the executed by the English for heresy. English for heresy.

Emergence of MonarchsEmergence of Monarchs Affects of the Hundred Years War (1337-1453)Affects of the Hundred Years War (1337-1453)

Monarchs had a stronger central government, more Monarchs had a stronger central government, more stable national boundaries, and stronger representative stable national boundaries, and stronger representative institutionsinstitutions

New military technology New military technology The longbow, crossbow (metal tipped arrows) and The longbow, crossbow (metal tipped arrows) and

firearm made soldiers more important and knights firearm made soldiers more important and knights less valuable. less valuable.

made castles and knights obsoletemade castles and knights obsolete Development of professional standing armyDevelopment of professional standing army

Taxed land, merchants, and churchTaxed land, merchants, and church Parliamentary InstitutionParliamentary Institution

Became a permanent check on royal powerBecame a permanent check on royal power Parliament in EnglandParliament in England Estates General in FranceEstates General in France

Black DeathBlack Death By 1347, the bubonic By 1347, the bubonic

plague had spread to plague had spread to EuropeEurope

The bubonic plague, or The bubonic plague, or "Black Death” strikes "Black Death” strikes 3 forms: 3 forms:

Bubonic (flea bite), Bubonic (flea bite), Pneumonic (air), Pneumonic (air), Septemic (bodily fluid) Septemic (bodily fluid)

1200 - 15001200 - 1500

Major problems Major problems the Black Deaththe Black Death

Killed 1/3 of Western Europeans 25 millionKilled 1/3 of Western Europeans 25 million Led to peasant revolutions, end to serfdom, demand for higher Led to peasant revolutions, end to serfdom, demand for higher

wageswages

ImprovementsImprovements wars led to technological innovation and eventual unity, with wars led to technological innovation and eventual unity, with

strong centralized governmentsstrong centralized governments Crossbow with metal tipped arrows and gunpowderCrossbow with metal tipped arrows and gunpowder

Renaissance was a period of cultural rebirthRenaissance was a period of cultural rebirth Leonardo Da’Vinci (Mona Lisa, Last Supper)Leonardo Da’Vinci (Mona Lisa, Last Supper) Michelangelo (Sistine Chapel, David)Michelangelo (Sistine Chapel, David)

By 1500 Europeans were extending their reach By 1500 Europeans were extending their reach around the world.around the world.

What was the Renaissance?What was the Renaissance?

Renaissance, French word for "rebirth" Renaissance, French word for "rebirth" What was reborn?? What was reborn?? a desire to imitate the classical world a desire to imitate the classical world

Greece & Rome Greece & Rome a time of creativity and change-spirit of a time of creativity and change-spirit of

adventure adventure a time of intellectual and economic a time of intellectual and economic

changes that occurred in Europechanges that occurred in Europe

Why Did the Renaissance Begin Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy?in Italy? Italian city-states had Italian city-states had

grown into prosperous grown into prosperous centers of trade and centers of trade and manufacturing.manufacturing.

““New Learning” and Medieval ThoughtNew Learning” and Medieval ThoughtCreates Problems For???Creates Problems For???

Many of the new ideas Many of the new ideas were based on logic and were based on logic and reasonreason

Challenged ChristianityChallenged Christianity

Christian scholars, tried Christian scholars, tried to resolve the conflict to resolve the conflict between faith and between faith and reason.reason.

Scholasticism used Scholasticism used logic to support logic to support Christian beliefs. Christian beliefs.

The Role of FlorenceThe Role of Florence

center of banking, trade and center of banking, trade and manufacturing manufacturing

Became the cultural center of Became the cultural center of Europe whose patron influence Europe whose patron influence by the Medici Family made it by the Medici Family made it possible possible

Humanism’s ImpactHumanism’s ImpactResults Results Focused on secular themes not religiousFocused on secular themes not religiousExperienced an age in which artistic, social, Experienced an age in which artistic, social,

scientific and political thought turned in scientific and political thought turned in new directions new directions

Appreciation for the arts as a product of Appreciation for the arts as a product of mankind; not just a religious symbolmankind; not just a religious symbol

MachiavelliMachiavelli Niccolò Machiavelli, was Niccolò Machiavelli, was

an Italian statesman and an Italian statesman and writer writer

His best-known work, His best-known work, The The Prince,Prince, describes cunning describes cunning and unscrupulous and unscrupulous methods for rulers to gain methods for rulers to gain and keep power.and keep power.

Prince must rule with fear Prince must rule with fear but avoid being hatedbut avoid being hated

Works of Renaissance ArtistsWorks of Renaissance Artists

Rise of citiesRise of citiesTrading cities in EuropeTrading cities in Europe

Offered social freedomsOffered social freedomsOften independent statesOften independent statesOften charter (immunity) cities where residents Often charter (immunity) cities where residents

could claim freedomcould claim freedomMerchant BankingMerchant Banking

Organized private shareholding Organized private shareholding companies, developed checking accounts, companies, developed checking accounts, improved bookkeeping techniquesimproved bookkeeping techniques

Led to a growing middle or merchant classLed to a growing middle or merchant class

Describe the changes in civic life associated Describe the changes in civic life associated with urban growth in later medieval Europe.with urban growth in later medieval Europe.

JewsJewswere connected to the growing fields of business were connected to the growing fields of business

and money-lending.and money-lending.Often blamed and persecuted for social illsOften blamed and persecuted for social illsCatholic church condemned usury (charging Catholic church condemned usury (charging

interest on loans)interest on loans) Guilds – association of craft specialistGuilds – association of craft specialist

regulated business practices and the labor of the regulated business practices and the labor of the working classes working classes

reinforced the divisions of male and female work. reinforced the divisions of male and female work. Agricultural and commercial surpluses spurred Agricultural and commercial surpluses spurred

technological, artistic, and architectural growth.technological, artistic, and architectural growth.

The Printing RevolutionThe Printing Revolution Printing originated Printing originated

China, but western Europeans China, but western Europeans improved it significantly improved it significantly

Johann Gutenberg Johann Gutenberg Perfected the art of printing in 1454Perfected the art of printing in 1454 New ink suitable for printing on paper, New ink suitable for printing on paper,

movable type consisting of individual movable type consisting of individual letters, mechanical printing press letters, mechanical printing press (pressed ink type onto sheets of (pressed ink type onto sheets of paper)paper)

Led to spread of literacy and Led to spread of literacy and European intellectual development.European intellectual development.

Rise of Modern Universities in the Rise of Modern Universities in the Latin West Latin West

College and universitiesCollege and universitiesEmerged as the new centers of learning Emerged as the new centers of learning

after the 1200s after the 1200s Became a degree seeking institutionBecame a degree seeking institutionGenerally specialized in a particular Generally specialized in a particular

branch of learningbranch of learningAll courses taught in LatinAll courses taught in Latin

• By 1492, the Muslims By 1492, the Muslims were driven out of the were driven out of the last Iberian stronghold last Iberian stronghold (Granada)(Granada)

• First Spain and later First Spain and later Portugal expelled all Portugal expelled all Jews and Muslims from Jews and Muslims from its territoryits territory

The Reconquista The Reconquista