Chapter 16 A PRELIMINARY ESTIMATE OF WORLD HEAVY …repository.icse.utah.edu/dspace/bitstream/123456789...belt; (5) the U.S. Geological Survey, with the financial support of the U.S

Chapter 16

A PRELIMINARY ESTIMATE OF WORLD HEAVY CRUDE OIL AND BITUMEN RESOURCES

R.F. Meyer,* P.A. Fulton,** and W.D. Dietzman***

INTRODUCTION Since the First International Conference on the Future

of Heavy Crude and Tar Sands was held in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, in June 1979, several significant events have occurred bearing upon future development of these resources. Positive factors include the following: (1) a second conference was held in Caracas, Venezuela, in February 1982, insuring continued exchange of knowledge on resources, technology, and economics; (2) the UNITAR/ UNDP Information Centre for Heavy Crude and Tar Sands has been established in New York and staffed with highly competent technical representatives from Canada and Venezuela, assuring a permanent organization for collection, collation, and dissemination of information on heavy crude oil and tar sands (bitumen) throughout the world; (3) draft definitions of heavy oil and tar sands have been written to assure standardization of information reporting; (4) Venezuela is aggressively pursuing the exploitation of its vast extra-heavy oil resources in the Orinoco heavy oil belt; (5) the U.S. Geological Survey, with the financial support of the U.S. Department of Energy, has initiated a study of U.S. heavy oil, tar sands, and shallow oil-field resources, the first such review in more than 15 years; (6) numerous pilot studies on heavy-oil recovery are being conducted in the United States and in most countries possessing heavy-oil or tar-sand deposits; (7) heavy-oil deposits not only have been identified offshore, but locally are being produced by thermal methods; (8) about 175 enhanced oil-recovery projects in heavy-oil reservoirs alone have been identified around the world; and (9) a combination of declining resources of crude oil lighter than 20° gravity AH (.934 g/cm3), high crude oil prices, advances in recovery and upgrading technology, and desire for greater national energy self sufficiency have created incentives for the aggressive exploitation of heavy-oil and bitumen deposits.

PURPOSE Our purpose in this review is to gather data on heavy oil

and bitumen occurrences amenable to recovery in-situ or by

mining and to make a first approximation as to the amount recoverable.

RESULTS The result is a value that exceeds 5.0 trillion (1012)

barrels of oil and bitumen in-place, with only about 50.3 billion (109) barrels having been produced. Total recoverable reserves, as herein defined, amount to about 6.10 billion barrels. No generalization can be made as to the price required for exploitation of those reserves, because of the enormous variation involved in production methods, reservoir conditions, infrastructure, and government policy. Most present production commands a price of about $25.00 per barrel. It is believed that such a price would make the Venezuelan extra-heavy crude oil economic; it would be insufficient for the Uvalde, Texas, bitumen.

DEFINITIONS The definitions for heavy and extra-heavy crude oil and

tar sands or bitumen described in Chapter 1 (this book) and as modified in Appendix A are ideal. Because of the paucity of viscosity measurements available in published sources, we follow these conventions: heavy crude oil, 10°-20°API; extra-heavy crude oil, less than 10°API but mobile in the reservoir, hence, producible through a well bore; and bitumen, less than 10°API and immobile in the reservoir.

Insofar as feasible, we follow the definitions of reserves and resources of the U.S. Geological Survey, as they are applied to oil and gas by Dolton and others (1981). Modifications of the following terms have been necessary for the purposes of our review:

1.

2.

Resources are concentrations of naturally occurring petroleum and bitumen in the earth's crust, some part of which is currently or potentially economically and technologically extractable. Oil in-place is the total of oil or bitumen in a deposit prior to the start of extraction. Reserves are those portions of the oil in-place estimated to be economically extractable under stated conditions.

*U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia 22092, U.S.A. **Minerals Management Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, Reston, Virginia 22092, U.S.A. ***Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy, Dallas, Texas, U.S.A.

97

HEAVY CRUDE AND TAR SANDS

The definitions immediately suggest some practical problems in discussing extra-heavy and heavy crude oil and bitumen because any of these hydrocarbons may occur as either surficial deposits, to be strip mined, or as subsurface deposits, either to be mined or, more commonly, produced through bore holes, usually with the help of exogenous energy.

DATA SOURCES For the oil fields of the United States, basic data were

derived from the automated Petroleum Data System (PDS) of the Office of Information Systems Programs, University of Oklahoma, which contains nonproprietary records for all U.S. fields and pools. Information on surface bitumen and heavy-oil deposits was derived from the literature. The field, pool, and deposit information for Alberta and Saskatchewan, Canada was derived from nonproprietary Provincial records and from the literature. For other countries, the basic data for producing heavy-oil fields were obtained from the oil-field data system of Petroconsultants S.A., Geneva, Switzerland, supplemented by data from the literature. Other information on world heavy oil and bitumen is derived from literature search. In all cases, we are responsible for manipulations and interpretations of the basic data.

In the accompanying tables, data from the automated data files are not identified. We have cited all other information to the list of references. The reports cited seldom include proved reserves figures, at least for individual producing reservoirs, so those figures are generally our responsibility. On the other hand, oil in-place and production data are invariably derived from the literature.

At the present time, there is no published compilation of the basins of the world immediately useful for indexing fields and deposits. Consequently, the deposits listed in the tables usually do not include a basin code. There has long be*en a standard geologic province map for the United States (Meyer), with provincial boundaries drawn along political (county) lines in order to simplify computer processing of the deposit information. Where basin codes are given for other countries, the basin designations are those commonly accepted by the nations involved.

The U.S. Geological Survey has published a three-sheet map depicting onshore and offshore areas of the world that either contain known oil or natural gas deposits or are favorable for their occurrence (Coury & others, 1978). One sheet shows North and South America; a second, Europe, West Asia, and Africa; and a third, East Asia, Australia, and the Pacific. The scale of the map is 1:20,000,000 (1 inch equals 320 miles), with an interrupted sinusoidal equal area projection used to facilitate areal comparisons. A map of the Arctic region on a Lambert azimuthal equal area projection appears on the map of North and South America and on that of Europe, West Asia, and Africa. Inserts of the North Sea and Alaska regions are also included, with central meridians that allow for better presentation of those complex areas. Water depth is shown with 200 and 2,500 m (600 and 7,500 ft)

isobaths. The areas shown consist mostly of basins containing unmetamorphosed sedimentary rocks greater than 1,000 m (about 3,000 ft) in thickness. Also included are some platforms and uplifts, foldbelts, and thinner rock sequences. A bibliography of references used in compiling the maps also is available (Coury & others, 1979). Addition of the location of the principal heavy oil fields and bitumen deposits would permit the use of the maps for reference purposes. This is important in predicting the petroleum potential of presently unproductive areas as well as in softening the political implications of oil occurrence.

A somewhat more recent world map (Oil & Gas Journal, 1982e) depicts the sedimentary basins of the world. The basins are colored to indicate whether they include giant fields, fields of smaller size, or are nonproductive. The map does not show the degree of exploration of the nonproductive basins. Its scale is too small to show individual fields.

METHODOLOGY From the automated data files we have made use of field

names, American Petroleum Institute (API) gravity values, and annual and cumulative production. In using such files it is essential to know the size of the sample for which critical data are available.

For the U.S. part of the study we summed from the Petroleum Data System (PDS) file, by basin, the annual and cumulative production, reserves (calculated as described below), and ultimate recovery (tables 16-1 and 16-2). This procedure then was repeated for fields that have API gravity data (tables 16-3 and 16^t). In table 16-5 we compared the results of our studies for all fields in PDS with records from the American Petroleum Institute for 1979, the last year API data were published. The correlation is sufficiently close to suggest that our methodology is satisfactory.

In table 16-6 we compare the results of our two computer runs, for all records and for those that have oil-gravity data. In Texas, the coverage of oil-gravity data is very complete; for the other states, only about 45 percent of the fields include oil-gravity values, representing 68 percent of annual and 64 percent of cumulative production. For heavy oil this is a misleadingly low value because most of the fields of California and Texas are represented by oil-gravity values and these states have most of the heavy-oil fields.

In Canada, the data are very complete, as reported in the annual oil and gas reports of the provinces of Alberta, British Columbia, and Saskatchewan, and no problems are presented by the data base.

For other countries in the world, the Petroconsultants file also is quite complete in its reporting of oil gravity values. Of 2,349 fields included in the file, 2,052 are represented by gravity or density, and these fields have 96 percent of the cumulative production (table 16-7).

Except in Alberta and Saskatchewan, Canada, and a few states in the United States, public information on proved reserves is seldom available for individual producing fields or pools. Therefore, where not otherwise given, a reserve was calculated assuming a 20-year decline based on latest available annual production; if data only for oil in-place are

98

Table 16-1. Production, reserves, and ultimate oil recovery for Texas fields, by basin (million barrels)

Code

Geological Basin

Name Number of

Fields 1979

Production

Annual

1980

Cumulative

Reserves Ultimate Recovery

220 260 320 350 360 400 410 415 420 425 430 435 440

Gulf Coast Basin East Texas Basin Sioux Basin So. Okla. Fold Belt Anadarko Basin Ouachita Tectonic Belt Llano Uplift Strawn Basin Fort Worth Syncline Bend Arch Permian Basin Palo Duro Basin Amarillo Arch

Total

3,010 464

1 165 174

58 63 10

577 1,940 2,479

178 10

9,129

219.751 120.514

0.010 7.768

13.826 .636 .358 .016

8.325 30.814

556.150 20.274

.084

978.526

214.159 111.557

0.005 7.507

13.584 .824 .298 .012

8.312 30.520

525.632 18.582

.072

931.064

13,406.176 7,666.429

0.015 514.476

1,512.008 42.874 13.323

1.549 560.061

2,176.299 17,639.932 1,149.920

2.673

44,685.735

2,169.419 1,117.473

0.051 75.126

135.985 8.279 3.015

.126 83.865

308.833 5,283.624

186.091 .740

9,372.627

15,576 8,784

590 1,648

51 16 2

644 2,485

22,924 1,336

3_

54,059

CO CO

Table 16-3. Production, reserves, and ultimate oil recovery for Texas fields, by basins, for fields with recorded gravity values (million barrels)

Production

Geological Basin Numhnr of Annual Cumulative

Code Name Fields 1979 1980 Reserves Ultimate Recovery

220 260 320 350 360 400 410 415 420 425 430 435 440

Gulf Coast Basin 3,010 East Texas Basin 464 Sioux Basin 1 So. Okla. Fold Belt 165 Anadarko Basin 174 Ouachita Tectonic Belt Province 58 Llano Uplift 63 Strawn Basin 10 Fort Worth Syncline 577 Bend Arch 1,940 Permian Basin 2,479 Palo Duro Basin 178 Amarillo Arch 10

Total 9,129

219.751 120.514

.010 7.768

13.826 .636 .358 .016

8.325 30.814

484.101 20.274

.084

906.477

214.158 111.557

.015 7.507

13.584 .824 .298 .012

8.312 30.520

462.275 18.582

.072

867.716

13,406.014 7,666.429

.015 514.476

1,512.008 42.874 13.323

1.549 560.061

2,176.299 16,385.638

1,149.920 2.673

43,431.279

2,169.412 1,117.473

.051 75.126

135.985 8.279 3.015

.126 83.865

308.833 4,650.056

186.091 .740

8,739.052

15,575 8,784

590 1,648

51 16 2

644 2,485

21,036 1,336

3_

52,170

Table 16-2. Production, reserves, and ultimate oil recovery for United States, excluding Texas fields, by basin (million barrels)

Code

140 160 200 210 220 230 240 300 305 315 335 340 345 350 355 360 365 370 375 380 385 390 395 400 430 435 450 455

Geological Basin

Name

South Florida Province Appalachian Basin Warrior Basin Mid-Gulf-Coast Basin Gulf Coast Basin Arkla Basin Desha Basin Cincinnati Arch Michigan Basin Illinois Basin Forest City Basin Ozark Uplift Arkoma Basin South Okla. Fold Belt Province Chautauqua Platform Anadarko Basin Cherokee Basin Nemaha Anticline Sedgwick Basin Salina Basin Central Kansas Uplift Chadron Arch Williston Basin Ouachita Tectonic Belt Permian Basin Palo Duro Basin Las "Animas Arch Las Vegas-Raton Basin

Number of Fields

9 107

14 493 615 567

1 36

431 1,337

83 1

89 368

1,787 1,640

215 326 566 42

1,868 64

255 16

537 42 68

1

Annual

1979

.447

.078 42.336

118.419 42.280

.021

24.990 1.545

5.913 43.919 41.608 53.037 3.013 4.692 5.957

.362 25.414

2.248 39.772

.050 68.465

.663 1.204

Production

1980

.347 43.658

105.312 42.488

6.375 39.827 41.855 41.869

20.415 .042

65.779 .680 .975

Cumulative

58.327 1,111.522

.688 2,160.469 8,449.531 3,025.933

.007 106.091 772.484

4,330.164 78.367

.879 429.632

3,172.075 6,818.869 1,910.259

241.128 667.440 720.096 44.390

2,835.748 65.987

1,168.958 2.864

3,791.632 43.895 29.852

.002

Reserves

50.564 4.566 3.474

872.057 1,068.427

461.751

.231 322.454 338.591

16.227 .214

64.131 398.574 419.024 528.537 31.090 55.277 61.235 3.642

268.034 23.199

422.137 .425

666.621 6.850

14.594 .002

Ultimate Recovery

109 1,116

4 3,033 9,518 3,488

106 1,095 4,669

95 1

494 3,571 7,238 2,439

272 723 781 48

3,104 89

1,591 3

4,458 51 44

500 510 515 520 530 535 540 545 570 575 580 585 590 595 625 640 645 725 730 735 740 745 750 755 760 810 820 890 952

953

958

Sweetgrass Arch Central Montana Uplift Powder River Basin Big Horn Basin Wind River Basin Green River Basin Denver Basin North Park Basin Uinta Uplift Uinta Basin San Juan Basin Paradox Basin Black Mesa Basin Piceance Basin Great Basin Mojave Basin Salton Basin Northern Coast Range Sacramento Basin Santa Cruz Basin Coastal Basin San Joaquin Basin Santa Maria Basin Ventura Basin Los Angeles Basin Gulf of Alaska Basin Cook Inlet Basin Arctic Slope Basin Louisiana Gulf of Mexico

Offshore-State Louisiana Gulf of Mexico

Offshore—Federal California Offshore-Fed. & State

30 25

391 125 96

152 988

9 1

47 88 70 6

20 4 2 1 5 3 3

14 116 32 48 85

158

63

2

3.304 1.199

46.480 45.659 15.130 15.983 13.629

.284

.254 13.605 4.122 9.618

.428 19.524

.086

.065

.010

.054

.159

.032 11.427

202.380 26.387 17.899 90.872

42.922 475.626 232.713

63.381

5.252

Total 14,254 1,884.917

35.612 42.191 14.536 15.313 9.198

.262

.144 11.747 3.974 8.784

.369 17.861

.094

36.252 •62.195 I20.220

74.559

508.021 47.330

1,524.014 2,740.102 1,690.215

644.720 787.621

12.884 9.970

276.877 188.070 405.822

14.197 790.333

3.222 3.758

.735 2.278 7.627 1.459

414.708 7,708.709 1,256.758 1,409.756 8,467.696

.154 924.975 672.208

6,598.682

491.763

108.002

33.493 12.301

450.285 433.043 148.909 190.717 135.928

2.640 1.445

117.515 39.779 87.974 3.727

178.696 .946 .658 .105 .547

1.618 .326

114.278 2,023.826

264.465 179.037 909.078

362.520 5,686.811 2,338.022

747.792

52.528

542 60

1,974 3,173 1,839

835 924

16 11

394 228 494

18 969

4 4 1 3 9 2

529 9,733 1,521 1,589 9,377

1,287 6,359 8,937

1,240

161

1,462.933 79,749.955 20,620.937 100,371

Table 16-4. Production, reserves, and ultimate oil recovery for United States, excluding Texas fields, by basin, for fields with recorded gravity values (million barrels}

Production

Code

140 160 200 210 220 230 240 300 305 315 335 340 345 350 360 365 370 375 380 385 390 395 430

Geological Basin

Name

South Florida Province Appalachian Basin Warrior Basin Mid-Gulf-Coast Basin Gulf Coast Basin Arkla Basin Desha Basin Cincinnati Arch Michigan Basin Illinois Basin Forest City Basin Ozark Uplift Arkoma Basin So. Okla. Fold Belt Anadarko Basin Cherokee Basin Nemaha Anticline Sedgwick Basin Salina Basin Central Kansas Uplift Chadron Arch Williston Basin Permian Basin

Number of Fields

7 34 4

430 588 520

1 13

308 495

25 1 1 2

206 26

131 250

24 895 42

241

Annual Cumulative

1979 1980 Reserves Ultimate Recovery

.053

.050 29.596

117.647 40.171

.007

4.464 .116

.002 2.051

.351 1.175 1.087 .080

3.567 2.070

39.276 60.936

.067 26.179

104.430 40.055

.001

.038

19.215/ 56.945 X;

55.163 901.916

.219 1,216.537 8,407.095 2,755.664

.007

.581 743.712 579.559

4.419 .874 .158 .127

46.713 66.671 68.769

124.950 9.330

529.868 64.818

1,164.799 3,307.176

41.263 1.374 .716

695.657 1,060.752

411.763

.078 280.141

73.057 1.359 .214

.016 20.898 3.640

16.156 11.033

.802 44.446 21.019

407.622 586.664

96 903

1 1,912 9,468 3,167

1 1,024

653 6 1

68 70 85

136 10

574 86

1,572 3,894

450 500 510 515 520 530 535 540 545 575 580 585 590 595 625 640 645 725 730 735 740 745 750 755 760 820 890 952

958

Las Animas Arch Sweetgrass Arch Central Montana Uplift Powder River Basin Big Horn Basin Wind River Basin Green River Basin Denver Basin North Park Basin Unita Basin San Juan Basin Paradox Basin Black Mesa Basin Piceance Basin Great Basin Mojave Basin Salton Basin Northern Coast Range Sacramento Basin Santa Cruz Basin Coastal Basin San Joaquin Basin Santa Maria Basin Ventura Basin Los Angeles Basin Cook Inlet Basin Arctic Slope Basin Louisiana Gulf of Mexico

Offshore-State California Offshore—Fed.

Total

413 29 26 25

281 96 73 95

606 5 5

57 14 5 6 1 2 1 5 3 3

14 114 31 47

1 152

&St. 2

6,448

.347 3.304 1.199

31.899 40.214

8.057 14.259 9.935

.085

2.275 .210 .429

19.081 .086 .066 .011 .055 .159 .033

11.428 202.345

24.398 17.802 90.513 32.307

468.422 43.154

5.252

1,330.024

.067

23.326 36.909

7.925 13.617 6.581

.079

2.214 .186 .369

17.438 .093

26.966 55.398 38.062

11.956 282.950 47.316

1,158.098 1,820.946 1,008.371

432.014 678.963

10.682 .012

172.353 10.587 14.196

733.773 3.211 3.758

.735 2.278 7.627 1.459

414.708 7,707.577 1,240.749 1,401.706 8,466.281

577.755 550.900

3,925.958

108.002

4.646 33.489 12.301

332.309 382.093

82.732 139.397 87.652

.790 4.158

22.189 2.360 3.727

174.393 .936 .658 .105 .547

1.618 .326

114.278 2,023.274

244.566 178.064 905.485 269.982

5,553.980 2,374.360

52.528

17 316

60 1,490 2,203 1,091

571 767

11 4

195 13 18

908 4 4 1 3 9 2

529 9,731 1,485 1,580 9,372

848 6,105 6,300

161

976.160 50,844.051 16,681.672 67,526


Table 16-5. Comparison of United States data, this report for all records in (API) (billion barrels)

1979 production Cumulative production Reserves Ultimate recovery Number of fields

Texas

1.0 44.7

9.4 54.1

9,129

This Report

Other States

1.9 79.7 20.6

100.4 14,254

data file and American

Texas

1.0 44.0

9.0 51.6

Petroleum Institute

API

Other States

2.0 76.8 19.4 96.2

Table 16-6. Comparison of United States data, all records and records showing oil-gravity values (billion barrels)

Records with Gravity Values All Records

1979 production Cumulative production Reserves Ultimate recovery Number of fields

Texas

0.9 43.4

8.7 52.2

9,129

Other States

1.3 50.8 16.7 67.5

6,448

Texas

1.0 44.7

8.7 54.1

9,129

Other States

1.9 79.7 20.6

100.4 14,254

Table 16-7. Cumulative production by country, excluding United States and Canada, of all fields and of those with gravity values (million barrels)

Country All Fields Fields with API Gravity

Percent with API Gravity

Cuba Guatemala Barbados Colombia Venezuela Trinidad Ecuador Peru Bolivia Brazil Chile Argentina Norway Denmark Ireland United Kingdom Netherlands West Germany France Austria Italy Yugoslavia Greece Spain

2.81 0.92

.41 2,134.26

37,123.83 1,919.45

692.95 8,949.83

176.78 1,160.14

185.86 1,669.99

765.98 17.18

0 1,949.35

347.27 1,300.18

375.34 587.45 242.27 332.81

0 92.46

2.81 0.92

.41 2,122.36

36,978.32 1,918.31

692.95 8,909.68

176.78 1,150.76

183.91 1,580.75

765.98 17.18

0 1,828.84

347.27 1,224.78

375.34 586.45 242.27 286.64

0 92.46

100 100 100 99 99 99

100 99

100 99 99 95

100 100

0 94

100 94

100 99

100 86

0 100

104


Table 16-7. (continued)

Country

Turkey Syria Israel Iraq Iran Saudi Arabia Kuwait Neutral Zone Bahrain Qatar Abu Dhabi Dubai Ras al Kal Oman Sharja Morocco Algeria Tunisia Libya Egypt Chad Sudan Senegal Ivory Coast Ghana Benin Nigeria Cameroon Gabon Congo Zaire Angola Japan Afghanistan Pakistan India Burma Taiwan Thailand Philippines Malaysia Brunei Indonesia Australia New Zealand Mexico USSR Poland Hungary Romania Bulgaria Albania China

Total

All Fields

378.93 553.83

15.84 10,791.41 26,465.39 37,328.48 19,790.58 3,265.89

671.46 3,175.40 5,821.94

890.79 0

1,483.96 59.31 16.14

5,145.85 448.26

11,692.47 2,384.79

0 0

.03

.56 1.58

0 8,248.03

38.22 853.69 137.08 31.72

532.40 147.73

.29 95.18

750.65 447.66

2.66 1.02

11.33 552.19

1,607.86 8,576.95 1,481.97

.22 7,817.08

20,920.43 0

51.10 793.00

12.19 0

678.00

244,199.06

Fields with Percent with API Gravity API Gravity

369.91 553.83

15.84 10,791.41 21,897.62 35,495.55 19,790.58 3,265.89

671.46 3,175.40 5,785.09

890.79 0

1,483.96 59.31 15.89

4,863.28 448.26

11,664.90 2,098.15

0 0

.03

.56 1.58

0 8,213.90

38.22 853.69 137.08 31.72

532.40 136.49

.28 95.18

750.65 445.78

2.66 1.02

11.33 552.19

1,587.11 8,221.17 1,481.97

.22 6,467.78

20,848.92 0

51.10 793.00

12.19 0

500.00

234,590.51

98 100 100 100 83 95

100 100 100 100 99

100 100 100 100 98 95

100 99 88

0 0

100 100 100

0 99

100 100 100 100 100 92 99

100 100 99

100 100 100 100 99 96

100 100 83 99

0 100 100 100

0 74

105


given, the reserve was calculated as 10 percent of that value. This procedure, suggested by T.A. Fitzgerald of the World Bank, implies no improvement in overall recovery technology. Few proved-reserves data are published for small fields, but a comparison of our computed reserves with those published by the American Petroleum Institute for the 100 largest fields shows good agreement with their total of proved plus indicated additional reserves, for those fields producing heavy oil. Reserves are presented in this way (1) to enable specialists in different areas to see how the aggregates are derived, (2) to disclose obvious errors, and (3) to permit assessment of the relative importance of different areas-whether basin or political entity—with respect to heavy oil and bitumen.

For the major heavy-oil and bitumen deposits, such as those in Canada, Venezuela, and the U.S.S.R., much information is available on the amount of oil or bitumen in-place and the amount probably recoverable with known technologies under known conditions of occurrence. Much less is known concerning deposits of this type elsewhere, and for purposes of estimation, producible reserves are calculated as 5 percent of oil in-place in carbonate and 10 percent in clastic rocks. This method does not consider upgrading by carbon rejection, which would decrease such estimates by an additional 25 percent. In converting data, we have used 7 barrels per tonne of oil or 63 barrels per cubic meter.

Where reliable, published information on reserves is available, we use it with proper reference citation. Oil or bitumen in-place represents definitive information; if a citation is not present in the tables, the oil in-place figure is approximated as 20 times the reserve number. Oil in-place data have not been totaled in the tables because too many of the values are missing and the incomplete total would lead to seriously erroneous impressions of overall recovery if compared with the ultimate recovery figures, which, of themselves, are only approximations.

RESOURCE CONSIDERATIONS Exceedingly large amounts of heavy crude oil and bitu

men are present in the world, but it is not known with precision the proportion of this material ultimately to become recoverable. Certain facts must be considered: initial capital investment per daily barrel for recovery of oil from tar sands is high, even though spread over the 30-year life of the projects; energy costs for extraction are at best about one barrel for 25 barrels produced, but commonly are one barrel for three; environmental costs, mostly from air pollution, frequently are high; and, using any present technology, producing capacities do not approach those obtained for medium and light crude reservoirs, especially reservoirs of 100 million barrels or greater. At the same time, the resources of heavy crude oil and bitumen, even when viewed conservatively, as in this report, are exceedingly large; both heavy oil and bitumen are high in energy content and ultimate recoveries of bitumen may approach 90 percent. Consequently, the size of the resource is not a deterrent to exploitation, utilization, or investment in research on production and upgrading.

Heavy oil and bitumen, if produced from an oil field, necessarily possess at least some minimum mobility. The reserve estimate, based on a 20-year decline, thus makes no allowance for improved future recoverability regardless of price, for increased price, which would prolong reservoir life by permitting a greater water-cut, or for government incentives, which would amount to the same thing as increased price.

Heavy oil and bitumen being produced today—by our evaluation about 1.4 billion barrels per year—are obviously economic, due to either incentives or production costs lower than price. We do not know very accurately the degree to which production might be affected by a significant price drop from late 1982 world oil prices of about $32-$34 (US) per barrel.

An important factor in heavy-oil production will be the increased desire of producing countries possessing both light and heavy crude oils to insist on exploitation of the latter while supplies of the former are still available as diluent.

RECOVERY Average recovery of heavy crude oil and bitumen from

the reservoir has historically been much lower than the average for all oils. However, there are so many variables among reservoirs with respect to homogeneity, geological settings, and the ways in which the fluid contents are calculated, that generalization should be conservative.

The average recovery factor in the U.S.S.R. for all oil is reported to be 43 percent (Dvorets, 1981); where wet combustion—air plus water-is used to help retain light oil fractions lost with dry combustion, heavy-oil recovery is increased by 25 to 30 percent. Steam has been used to raise recovery from 7 to 70 percent, and mining plus heat, as at Yarega and Balakhany, suggests recoveries to 90 percent.

In the United States, heavy oil producers obtain recoveries, with the addition of thermal methods, of 40 to 55 percent, but hope, with the aid of foam and inert gases, to attain 70 percent recovery. Other recovery goals are to exploit reservoirs below 2,500 ft effectively and to find alternatives to the consumption of one-third of produced oil or its equivalent for steam generation (Williams, 1981). Cogeneration would appear to be useful under proper conditions, and gas, either natural or synthetic, for steam generation would mitigate air-pollution problems. At Huntington Beach, California, an offshore steam-injection project is starting, which will involve generators both on the platform and onshore. Another offshore steam-injection project is being commenced at Emeraude field, Congo (World Oil, 1982a). Although 23° gravity API oil is involved, the techniques will be applicable to future offshore heavy-oil discoveries. Recoveries of heavy oil from the Maracaibo and Falcon basin heavy oil fields of western Venezuela have been increased, by steam injection, from about 11 to 18 percent (Volkenborn, 1981; Burkill, 1982). Here, as produced fluid is removed from the reservoir, compaction aids the recovery process. The recovery factor for the extra-heavy oil fields of the eastern Venezuela basin is 5.7 percent (Zamora & Gambrano, 1982), and for all Venezuelan

106


heavy oil, including extra heavy, it is 14 percent. In the fringe fields of the Orinoco heavy-oil area of the eastern Venezuela basin innovative production techniques are used (Diaz, 1981). These include mechanical pump, hydraulic pump, gas lift, and the introduction of light oil into the wellbore as a diluent for the extra-heavy oil. Steam-injection projects have been introduced to gain experience for the major effort at exploitation now being initiated by Mene-ven and Lagoven; apparently, compaction in this area is not a factor in recovery (Vasquez & Pacheco, 1982). The Lagoven effort is part of a proposed production and refining complex that will require 170,000 barrels per day (B/D) of production to yield 140,000 B/D of synthetic crude, the balance being for use at the refinery and in the field (Aalund, 1980). In Canada, the Alberta Energy Resources Conservation Board (1982) and the Saskatchewan Department of Mineral Resources (1981) each publish basic data on reservoirs, including fractional recovery by both primary and enhanced methods. The bulk of the rocks in these provinces is clastic. Few of the primary recoveries exceed 10 percent; however, waterflooding may add 18 percent or more. Incremental recovery by other methods is not given. Jha and Verma (1982) suggest that enhanced oil recovery in Lloydminster/Kindersley areas of Saskatchewan can yield 25 to 30 percent recoveries of the oil in-place.

The Alberta Board also prepares estimates of the amount of crude bitumen in-place in Alberta and, of that, the mineable reserve. For this exercise, the Board calculates the amount of resource in-place, the amount having less than 75 m overburden, the portion of the resulting amount deemed to be economically strippable, and the amount lost for facilities. To this figure they apply a 75 percent mining/ extraction recovery factor, and to this, a 75 percent upgrading factor, which could be avoided in the future by application of different technology. The result is an overall recovery of about 23 percent before upgrading and 17.5 percent for synthetic liquid from the plant. The Board publishes no estimates for crude bitumen that would require production by in-situ methods or of the bitumen deemed to be presently unrecoverable because it is too deeply buried to strip mine and too shallow for in-situ thermal recovery.

Unfortunately, a vast gulf exists between actual recoveries that use technologies proved to be workable and currently in operation and potential recoveries that will use technologies still in the laboratory or, perhaps, field-pilot stage. The technical ability to recover heavy crude oil and bitumen and the energy costs for exploitation and upgrading, together with production capacity, are factors of crucial importance to the future role of these resources. Bearing directly upon present recovery is the status of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) as applied to heavy oil. The Oil and Gas Journal (1982d) listed known EOR projects, from which we have abstracted those being applied to heavy oil reservoirs in the United States (table 16-8) and other places (table 16-9). In the U.S., the 132 projects produced about 81 million barrels per year from fields that produce a total of over 223 million barrels per year. The recovery techniques are dominated by steam soak and steam drive pro

jects, mostly in California. Another thermal method, in-situ combustion, accounts for nearly 2 million barrels per year. Additional work is being done on other methods of EOR in the attempt to recover more heavy oil, especially by use of COi flooding and polymers. In other parts of the world, EOR projects, using mainly thermal recovery techniques, account for 18 million barrels per year in fields producing a total of 471 million barrels per year. Similar efforts with heavy oil are being made elsewhere, but information is less available. Clearly, in the years ahead the petroleum engineer will play an increasingly active role in making new oil supplies available, as exploration for new conventional deposits yields diminishing results.

Bitumen recovery projects are described in chapters 107 (U.S.A.) and 108 (Canada). These excellent reviews highlight the difficulties with respect to cost and technology attendant to the recovery of a significant portion of the reserves described in this chapter.

OIL MINING The mining of oil, and especially heavy oil, from shallow

oil reservoirs is perhaps the ultimate extension of the petroleum engineer's goal of maximum possible oil recovery. Some reservoirs are sufficiently shallow to permit stripping of the overburden as is done with tar-sand deposits. At most places, however, the reservoirs will contain too small a volume of oil to be strip mined economically. The McKittrick field in California, U.S.A. is an example of the strip-mining approach (Oil & Gas Journal, 1982a). There, a recovery of as much as 380 million barrels from the diatomite reservoir rock is expected.

Another way to tackle the problem is to combine mining with thermal methods, as done in the U.S.S.R. at Yarega (Dvorets, Sorokin, & Surguchev, 1982; Dvorets, 1981). The technique is to sink a shaft through the reservoir, run drifts out from the shaft, drill nearly horizontal holes from the drifts, stimulate the reservoir with steam, and collect the oil by gravity drainage. The method works, for at Yarega annual production is 4.2 million barrels. The same approach is scheduled for the Mildred Lake project in the Alberta, Canada Athabasca deposit (Quinn, 1981), in the U.S.S.R. at Balakhany, Azerbaijan (Dvorets, 1981), and at Tisdale Mountain, Wyoming, U.S.A. (Hutchins & Wassum, 1981).

The mining of oil goes far back in time but was practiced prominently early in this century at Wietze, West Germany and at Pechelbronn, France. Ruhl (1982) stated that about 15 percent of the Wietze oil in-place had been produced before oil mining started in 1920; the mining process, coupled with gravity drainage, led to an additional 22 percent recovery. A problem with oil mining is pointed out in the report by ESCAP (1982): attempts to mine Australia's Lakes Entrance field in the 1920s were stopped by water influx. Oil mining has been conducted in Japan and Romania as well (Schumacher, 1982).

Other examples of this extraction process could be cited, but these suffice to show that the method is deemed to be

107

Table 16-8. U.S. enhanced oil recovery projects in heavy oilfields (thousand barrels)

State/ Province

California California California California California California California Texas Texas

Arkansas California

California

Arkansas California Mississippi Texas

Wyoming

Arkansas California Wyoming

Texas Texas Arkansas California California California Texas Wyoming Louisiana Louisiana

Deposit Name

Belridge, S. Fruitvale Lost Hills Midway-Sunset Midway-Sunset Newport, W. San Ardo Forest Hill Slocum

Lick Creek Huntington Beach

Wilmington

Smackover Richfield Yellow Creek, W. Hagist Ranch Seventy-Six, W. Kummerfield

Smackover Wilmington Bison Basin

Saner Ranch Saner Ranch Smackover San Ardo San Ardo San Ardo Sour Lake Winkleman Dome White Castle White Castle

Basin Code

745 745 745 745 745 760 740 260 260

230 760

760

230 760 210 220 220 515

230 760 535

220 220 230 740 740 740 220 530 220 220

Project Type

In-situ combustion In-situ combustion In-situ combustion In-situ combustion In-situ combustion In-situ combustion In-situ combustion In-situ combustion In-situ combustion

9 projects

C02 Miscible C02 Immisc./steam

soak

2 projects

Micellar/polymer

1 project

Polymer Polymer Polymer Polymer Polymer Polymer

6 projects

Caustic Caustic Caustic

3 projects

Steam drive Steam drive Steam drive Steam drive Steam drive Steam drive Steam drive Steam drive Steam drive Steam drive

Annual Production

Field

18,070

1,021 40,165 40,165

842 10,897

215 127

5,167

39,592

1,387

2

39,592

74 74

10,897 10,897 10,897

Project

511

183 86

210 730 41

115 46

1,922

329 131

460

44

44

0 0

183 24

3 110

320

0 0

66

66

142 66

292 0

1,387 8,213

0 210 402 183

Prior Production Method

Steam soak Primary Primary Primary None Primary Primary/steam Primary Primary

Primary Primary

Waterflood

Waterflood Waterflood Waterflood Waterflood Primary Waferflood

Waterflood Waterflood Primary

Unproducible tar Unproducible tar Primary Primary/steam soak Primary/steam soak Cyclic Primary None Primary Primary

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Table 16-9. Enhanced oil recovery projects in heavy oilfields outside the United States (thousand barrels)

Country

Brazil

Trinidad Trinidad

Trinidad

Venezuela Venezuela Venezuela Venezuela Venezuela Venezuela Venezuela

Venezuela

Venezuela

Venezuela Venezuela

France

France

Canada

Canada Canada

Deposit Name

Castanhal

Forest Reserve Forest Reserve

Parrylands

Bachaquero Jobo Jobo Jobo Lagunillas Morichal Morichal

Pirital

Pirital

Tia Juana Tia Juana

Grenade

Maruejols

Athabasca

Athabasca Athabasca

Project Type

Steam soak

Steam drive Steam drive

Steam soak

Thermal Thermal Thermal Thermal Thermal Thermal Thermal

Steam soak

Steam drive

Thermal Thermal

C02

Steam soak

Steam drive/forward combustion

Steam drive Steam drive/electric preheat

Annual Production

Field

2,346 2,346

140,096 12,676 12,676 12,676

168,527 6,206 6,206

1,134

1,134

80,929 80,929

58,400

58,400 58,400

Project

55

913 237

110

616 358 928

4,745 3,331

0 161

0

0

0 91

4

44

66

0 0

Prior Production Method

None

Primary/steam soak Primary

Primary

Primary Primary Primary Primary Primary Primary Primary

Primary

Cyclic steam

Primary Primary

Primary

Primary

None

None None

Province

/

Alberta

Alberta Alberta

Canada Canada

Cold Lake Cold Lake

Steam soak Steam soak/steam drive

CO

Canada

Canada

Canada Canada

Canada

Canada Canada Canada

Canada

Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada

Canada

Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada

Eyehill

Fort Kent

Marguerite Lake Muriel Lake

Peace River

Primrose Resdeln St. Lina

Viking

Kitscoty Marguerite Lake Provost Silverdale Silverdale Viking

Athabasca

Battrum #1 Battrum #2 Battrum #3 Celtic Joli Fou

Steam soak/forward combustion

Steam soak/steam driv<

Steam soak Steam soak

Steam drive

Steam soak Steam soak Steam soak

Steam drive

Forward combustion Forward combustion Forward combustion Forward combustion Forward combustion Forward combustion

COFCAW

Wet combustion Wet combustion Wet combustion Wet combustion Wet combustion

43 projects

Source: Oil & Gas Journal, 1982d.

28

3,650 73

219

None None

Primary

Alberta Alberta

Saskatchewan

402 None

260 189 189

58,400

122

0 0

0

0 0

37

0

0 0 0 0

55 0

37

1,059 475 475

0 0

Negligible None

None

None None None

Primary

Primary Negligible Primary Primary Primary Primary

None

Primary Primary Primary Primary None

Alberta

Alberta Alberta

Alberta

Alberta Alberta Alberta

Alberta

Alberta Alberta Alberta Saskatchewan Saskatchewan Alberta

Alberta

Saskatchewan Saskatchewan Saskatchewan Saskatchewan Alberta

18,141


practical and economic in many places. It may be assumed that screening procedures will be developed in many countries to select candidate reservoirs, thereby adding greatly to recoverable reserves.

HEAVY OIL OFFSHORE The production of heavy oil from the offshore presently

is minimal; however, important offshore discoveries and resources are being identified and, at some places, attempts made to stimulate production. Among the known offshore fields containing heavy oil at least in part are Emeraude (Congo) (World Oil, 1982a), the Montedison No. 1 Vega (Sicily) (Oil & Gas Journal, 1981b), Bressay and Clair in the North Sea (Ruhl, 1982), the initial reservoir found in the No. 1 Chac in Campeche Sound, Mexico (Juarez Mendex, 1981), Huntington Beach (Williams, 1981), Wilmington offshore and Point Arguello, California (Oil & Gas Journal, 1982c), and Soldado, Trinidad.

Two discoveries have been made offshore in the Adriatic Sea: Ancona-Pescara and Vasto (Dalla Casa et al., 1981). Neither of these fields is as yet in production. Discoveries have been made in the Mediterranean, offshore Spain at San Carlos I and II (Rosing, 1981), as well as offshore Senegal at Flore Dome.

Efforts at steam injection are being made at Emeraude by Elf, at Huntington Beach by Aminoil, and in the offshore portion of Wilmington field, California by a consortium of operators (THUMS group). Such projects add a new dimension to offshore oil exploitation because of the requirement for steam generation at the site (platform) or through insulated steam lines from onshore. It is a mark of

the interest in crude oil supply that such projects are being attempted.

UNDISCOVERED RESOURCES The levels of undiscovered or poorly known recoverable

resources in our report are presumed to be understood— perhaps vastly so—because we estimate such quantities only upon the basis of published information. For the United States we first identified a volume of known oil in each basin that is heavy (table 16-10). We then applied the proportion of heavy oil to the amount of undiscovered oil in each basin, as estimated by Dolton and others (1981). Then we added a conservative estimate of the presently poorly known reserves in the Santa Barbara channel offshore California; recent discoveries in and near the Point Arguello field indicate important heavy oil reserves there (Oil & Gas Journal, 1982c).

Outside the United States (table 16-11) we used a similar approach for those countries surveyed by Masters and others (Masters, 1981ab; Masters & Peterson, 1981ab; Masters & Riva, 1981; Ulmishek & Harrison, 1982). As with the United States, this approach to undiscovered heavy oil is valid, but the results are entirely dependent upon the accuracy of the original estimates of total oil, and for all countries the median estimates were accepted. Elsewhere, the estimates are those given in the references, except for the few resulting from personal discussions.

Table 16-12 gives estimates for bitumen in deposits that are either poorly known or else in portions of well-known deposits as yet not well-defined. Probably a large part of many of the deposits shown in other tables as reserves should be listed here instead; only for the United States and

Table 16-10. Ultimate recovery from U.S. fields, by gravity and basin, and undiscovered resources (million barrels; API gravity: light, greater than 25°; medium, 20°-25°; heavy, 10°-20°; extra heavy, less than 10°; + - present)

Code

140 160 200 210 220 230 240 260 300 305 315 320 335 340 345 350 360 365 370

Geologic Province

Name

North Slope South Florida Appalachian Warrior Mid-Gulf Gulf Coast Arkla Desha East Texas Cincinnati Arch Michigan Illinois Sioux Forest City Ozark Uplift Arkoma So. Okla. Foldbelt Anadarko Cherokee Nemaha Anticline

Light

6,105 12

903 1

1,058 23,780 2,927

0 8,383

1 1,019

651 + 5 1 +

585 1,716

66 84

Medium

0 85

0 +

10 1,096

207 +

357 0 5 1 0 + 0 0 3 + 4 1

Heavy

0 0 0 0

64 500 731

0 1,291

0 + 0 0 + 0 0 3 + 0 1

Extra-Heavy

0 0 0 0

13 6 0 0 4 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Heavy and Extra-Heavy (percent)

0 0 0 0 7 2 3 0

13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

Undiscovered Resource of Heavy + Extra-Heavy

72 69 (includes province 210)

156

+ +

+

+ +

+

114



Code

375 380 385 390 395 400 410 415 420 425 430 435 440 450 500 510 515 520 530 535 540 545 575 580 585 590 595 625 640 645 725 730 735 740 745 750 755 760 820 952 958

Geologic Province

Name

Sedgwick Salina Cen. Kansas Uplift Chadron Arch Williston Ouachita Belt Llano Uplift Strawn Fort Worth Bend Arch Permian Palo Duro Amarillo Arch Las Animas Arch Sweetgrass Arch Central Montana Powder River Big Horn Wind River Green River Denver North Park Uinta San Juan Paradox Black Mesa Piceance Great Basin Mojave Salton Northern Coast Range Sacramento Santa Cruz Coastal San Joaquin Santa Maria Ventura Los Angeles Cook Inlet Louisiana Offshore California Offshore

Totals

Light

134 10

569 83

1,561 45 16 2

644 3,485

24,797 763

3 17

316 51

1,325 1,227

920 566 745

11 4

195 13 18

908 4 4 0 2 9 2

73 4,533

830 1,434 4,069

848 6,242

161

103,936

Medium

2 0 4 2 1 1 + 0 + 0

81 753

0 + 0 8

147 893 156

2 20

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 + 0 0 0 0 +

2,108 +

97 4,930

0 59 0

11,033

Heavy

+ 0 1 +

11 6 + 0 1 +

72 0 0 0 + 1

36 258

29 4 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1

568 6,264

756 66

4,246 0 0 0

14,918

Extra-Heavy

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 + 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 + 0 8

13 + 0 0 0

46

Heavy and Extra-Heavy

(percent)

0 0 0 0 0

11 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 2

11 4 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

100 33

0 33 89 48 48

5 32

0 0 0

Undiscovered Resource of Heavy + Extra-Heavy

+

+ + +

+

+ +

58

+ 2

28 110 24 + 8

+ +

+ 178 864

96 25

224

300

2,214

115


Table 16-11. Estimates of undiscovered or poorly known heavy and extra-heavy crude oil, by country outside the U.S.A. (million barrels)

Country

Venezuela

Nigeria Mexico Indonesia Saudi Arabia Iran Iraq United Arab Emirates Kuwait Oman U.S.S.R.

Colombia

Peru Norway

Canada

Total

Area

Maracaibo Barinas-Apure Maturin Orinoco Belt Dahomey Southeast

Volga/Urals Middle Caspian West Siberia Baku area fields Cocorna area

Nare area

Northeast 31/32, Frigg, Heindal fields Alberta

Lloydminster

Saskatchewan Lloydminster Kindersley

Oil In-place

80,000 10,000 40,000

1,000,000

2,100 300

128

1,500

2,000

25,000

12,750 2,550

Reserves

18,000 2,200 2,300

143,000 31,000 16,000

800 2,900 1,300 3,900

400 200 100

1,700 2,600

16,000 210

26

13

150

200

2,500

893 286

246,678

Gravity (°API)

10-15-12-8-

13

13

8-

12

11-

11-11-

-12 -20 -18 -14

-20

-15

-15 -15

Reference

Zamara & Gambrano, 1982 Zamara & Gambrano, 1982 Zamara & Gambrano, 1982

Adegoke& I be, 1982 Masters & Peterson, 1981a Masters & Riva, 1981 Masters, 1981a Masters, 1981a Masters, 1981a Masters, 1981a Masters. 1981a Masters, 1981a Masters & Peterson, 1981b Ulmishek & Harrison, 1982 Masters, 1981b Schumacher, 1982 Oil & Gas Journal, 1981c,

1982b Oil & Gas Journal, 1981c,

1982b Pardo, 1981

McCrossan, Procter, & Ward, 1981

Christopher & Knudson, 1981 Christopher & Knudson, 1981

Table 16-12. Estimates of undiscovered or poorly known bitumen deposits, by country (million barrels)

Gravity Country Area Oil In-place Reserves (°API) Reference

Canada

United States

Melville Island Carbonate Trend Cold Lake Peace River Athabasca/Wabasca

Totals

Utah

Totals

30,000 1,562,000

66,000 20,000 28,000

1,706,000

8,800

2,000 78,000 3,000 1,000 1,000

85,000

880

965

7 7 8-13 8 -9 8-10

Walters, 1974 Outtrim & Evans, 1977

Campbell & Ritzma, 1981

116


Canada is the necessary detail available to make such distinctions.

In table 16-13 are listed some of the announced heavy and extra-heavy oil discoveries that are yet to be defined. These occurrences suggest that heavy crude oil will continue to be found in more and more places throughout the world.

The additional bitumen deposits summarized in table 16-14 were visited by Abraham (1960) over many years, beginning about 1900. A great many of them have been exploited in the past, some since antiquity, mainly for paving materials and calking.

PRODUCTION AND RESERVES Tables 16-15, 16-16, and 16-17give,by country, except

the United States, and by field or deposit, the cumulative and annual production and reserves for heavy crude oil, extra-heavy crude oil, and bitumen. For the United States, the data are sorted according to geologic province and, within the province, by state. Heavy crudes and bitumen may be associated with natural gas reservoirs or else contain gas in solution, but statistics on the volumes of such gas are generally sparse to nonexistent. Tables 16-15, 16-16, and 16-17 plus those on the undiscovered resources (tables 16-10, 16-11, and 16-12) are the basis for the summary tables. The annual production for the United States and Canada is that for 1980; for other countries the data are mostly those of ] 979.

Table 16-18 provides an estimate of the amounts of bitumen and related hydrocarbons produced from surface deposits during the period 1906-1931, although the U.S. data extend to 1958, when such operations essentially had

ceased. About 1900, petroleum asphalt commenced to compete with the natural occurrences and, because of economic as well as technologic advantages, eventually won essentially the entire market. It is not clear if the tonnages in table 16-18 refer to essentially pure (mineral-free) asphalt or to asphaltic rock; if the former, the total represents roughly 330 million barrels. This, coupled with cumulative production of heavy and extra-heavy crude oil and bitumen, indicates a cumulative production to date of more than 50 billion barrels.

AREA CONSIDERATIONS For the following areas of the world, additional informa

tion is available that may assist in understanding the full scope of heavy oil and bitumen operations in the world.

China Available data for China are scant. It is reasonable to

assume that our information is understated, considering that heavy oil is known to exist in 20 fields and that the country is little explored. The only available production data are for Sheng-Ii field; actual heavy oil production could be ten times this amount.

Gabon The abandoned coastal fields of Pointe Clairette, Cap

Lopez, and M'Bega, each containing reserves no greater than 10 million barrels, will be tested for cyclic steam injection (World Oil, 1982a).

Italy Dalla Casa and others (1981) estimate proved and prob

able reserves of heavy crude oil and bitumen in-place in

Table 16-13. Indications of heavy oil deposits as yet undefined

Country Area Remarks Reference

Guatemala

Brazil

France

Indonesia

Japan

Angola

Cameroon

Barbados

Surinam

Panama

U.S.A.

Peten

Sergipe/Alagoas

Aquitaine basin

Offshore

Honshu

North coast

Rio del Rey area

Charnocks area

Great Salt Lake, Utah

Texaco/Amoco No. 1 Xan, 13°, 12,100 ft, 2,300 B/D

Carmopolis field, 14

Grenade area, 10°

Utari field, 15°, 900 m, 100cp

Very small heavy oil deposits

Petrangol QF-1, 16.5°, 300 B/D, 1,750 m

Elf/Serepca, Pecten, 16°-20°, 900-4,200 m

General Crude, 18°

16°-18°, 550 ft

Existence of tar pits

Amoco 5.6°, High S, 2,300 ft, 1,500 B/D, being evaluated

World Oil, 1982b

Schumacher, 1982

Schumacher, 1982

Schumacher, 1982

Schumacher, 1982

Schumacher, 1982

Schumacher, 1982

Schumacher, 1982

Schumacher, 1982

World Bank, 1981

Oil & Gas Journal, 1979

117


Table 16-14. Additional bitumen deposits listed by Abraham (1960)

Country Area Remarks

Deposits Less than 10% Mineral Matter

Mexico

Cuba

Venezuela

France

Greece

U.S.S.R.

Philippines

Tamaulipas Vera Cruz

Matanzas Santa Clara Camaguey Santiago de Cuba

Maracaibo Tachira

Auvergne

Zante

Sakhalin

Leyte

Asphalt springs, Tamesi R.; Chijol Asphalt springs, Tuxpan; Chapapote

20 B/D semiliquid asphalt Hard asphalt Pure soft asphalt Soft asphalt, small

Springs; 100,000 tons produced 1901-1905 Asphalt utilized for paving

Asphalt reefs; 100 tons/year prior to 1914

Springs and seeps; 10°

Great Okha Asphalt Lake and area; 3.5 million barrels of nearly pure asphalt

Several deposits of hard and soft asphalt

Deposits Over 10% Mineral Matter

U.S.A.

Cuba

Brazil

Argentina

Colombia

Ecuador

Peru

Missouri Kansas Indiana Arkansas Louisiana

Matanzas Havana

Parana, Sao Paulo and Bahia

Laguna de la Brea

Bolivar Antioquia Santander Boyaca

Guayas

Junin and Puno

Several large deposits Linn County; 20 million tons; quarried at times Princeton; liquid asphalt below coal bed Southwest; quarried at times Lafayette; 50 acres on surface

Bottom of Cardenas Harbor; mined in past Mined in past

Small occurrences

Asphalt Lake

Seepages used to calk ships Nare area Many seepages Formerly used for paving

Seepages reported in oil-prospecting pits

Asphalt used for paving

118



Country

France

Switzerland

West Germany

Yugoslavia

Czechoslovakia

Greece

Spain

Portugal

U.S.S.R. (Europe)

Syria

Israel

Iraq

U.S.S.R. (Asia)

Saudi Arabia

Egypt

India

China

Philippines

Japan

Australia Tasmania

New Zealand

Indonesia

Algeria

Rhodesia

Area

Landes Gard Haute-Savoie and Ain Auvergne

Lac de Neuchatel

Hanover

Montenegro, Herzegovina

Trencsen, Moravia

Estremadura

Simbirsk Caucasia Transcaucasia

Leyte

Buton Island

Oran

Northern

Remarks

Asphalt mines at Gaujacj and Bastennes Ales basin; asphalt formerly distilled for motor fuel Asphalt mines Asphalt mines

Asphalt mined in past

Near Limmer; 3 million tons; other deposits in area

Asphalt limestones

Asphalt limestones

Various asphalt deposits

Asphalt deposits and pits

Soft asphalt

Asphaltic sand (garj) Soft asphalt (kir), fairly pure Numerous deposits

Many small deposits

Many small deposits

Many small deposits

Many small deposits

Many small deposits

Many small deposits

Many small deposits

Many small deposits

650,000 tons rock asphalt

Small deposits formerly mined

Small deposits

Small deposits

Small deposits

Mines with 1.2 million tons and 100 million tons of asphaltic marl

Seepages

Rock asphalt

119

Table 16-15. Heavy crude oil, by field (million barrels)

State/ Province

Deposit Name

Basin Code

Year Discovered

Original Oil In-place

Production

Cumulative Annual Reserves Density (°API) Reference

Albania

Devoli (Kucove) Patos

Totals

Mulenvos, S Quenguela, N

Totals

Llancanelo Pampa Del Castillo Centenario Cerro Wencesleo El Moralito

Totals

Lakes Entrance

Leoprechting Hohenruppersdorf Rabensburg Other fields

Totals

Seria

Gigen Tyulenovo

1928 1928

1966 1967

1961

1906 1941

1928

1961 1951

1,683

693

Angola

4.063 27.977

32.040

Argentina

18.625 29.855

48.480

Australia

1.500 3.700

.073

.955

30.000 74.000

5.200 104.000

1.464 19.109

1.028 20.573

300.000 .624 12.499

1.220 24.404 7.000

1.844 343.903

14.5 12.0

19.8 19.0

12.7 18.3 15.0

19.1

Perez, 1982; Freytas, 1982

Freytas, 1982 Freytas, 1982

Austria

.027

.119

.154

.300

Brunei

888.797

Bulgaria

12.185

.001

.002

.018

.021

13.509

.255

.001

.009

.048

.371 3.600

4.028

1,800.000

5.100 .008

16.0

13.0 20.0 20.0

19.0

12.7 19.0

ESCAP, 1982

Schumacher, '

ESCAP, 1982

131

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122

Miscellaneous

Totals for Saskatchewan

Totals for Canada

Sheng-Li Gaosheng Others

Totals

92 .780 .274 3.379

Cocorna Baul Cachira Rio Negro Castilla Casabe Cantagallo-Yarigui Velasquez Palagua Ermitano-Caipal Orito Lisama La Canada Maxine 1 Cantagello Galan Tello

1969 1959 1959 1960 1976 1941 1941 1945 1954 1955 1963 1957 1966

1941 1945 1972

Totals

Jatibonico

Parahuacu Culebra Yulebra Joan Ogian area Pungarayacu area

Totals

1954

1968

1974

210 2,000

6,000 125

200.965

253.450

China

Colombia

4.661 .016 .095 .046 .371

208.249 96.683

147.655 65.374

2.951 151.981

11.253 .455 .076

689.866

Cuba

1.325

Ecuador

1.119 .040 .027 .005

1.191

14.963

19.731

108.770

108.770

.221

.002

.006

.001

.227 1.681 2.759 2.483 1.911 .049

6.998 1.671

.047

.013

18.069

.083

1.020

1.020

178.628

240.164

42.00 400.00

442.00

4.427 .059 .120 .014

4.556 33.631 55.196 49.661 38.236

.997 139.961 33.429

.959

.265

361.511

1.660

20.410

1,500.000 12.500

1,532.910

20.0-24.0

12.5 16.4 18.9 17.0 15.0 20.0 18.4 19.9 15.9 16.2 19.1 20.4 19.7 13.0 19.7 19.0 20.2

15.5

19.8 19.5 19.0 18.0 12-13 12-18

ESCAP, 1982 Wenzhang, 1982 Wenzhang, 1982

Oil & Gas Journal, Oil & Gas Journal, Oil & Gas Journal,

Oil & Gas Journal, Oil & Gas Journal, Oil & Gas Journal, Donoso Jaramillo,

CO C

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00

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1981d 1981d 1981d 1982

Paredes, 1982; Donoso Jaramillo, 1982


State/ Province

Original Deposit Basin Year Oil In-Name Code Discovered place

Production

Cumulative Annual Reserves Density <°API) Reference

Egypt

Ras Sudr Belayim Land Kareem Ras Bakr Ras Amer

Totals

1946 1955 1958 1958 1965

41.332 209.521

9.881 62.294

7.646

.540 12.932

.193 2.016

.718

10.805 258.649

3.868 40.336 14.368

20.0 18.9 18.6 20.5 20.0

330.674 16.399 328.026

France

Lacq Superieur Lugos Mimizan Nord Joigny St. Jean de Maruejols

Totals

Ozouri Animba Mandaros Marine Pageau Marine Other fields

F01 F01

F02

1949 1951 1959 1962 1947

1956 1957 1972 1972

Totals

Nagylengyel Other fields

Totals

1951

22.538 4.441 2.869

.045

.009

.342

.530

.098

.001

6.859 10.602

1.968 .020

20.6 20.8 12.2 15.9 11.4

29.902

Gabon

.971 19.449

Oil & Gas Journal, 1981d

4.226 1.125

40.272 .113

45.736

Hungary

.031

.051 7.261

.036

7.379

1.300

.629 1.027

145.225 .736

10.000

157.617

26.000 163.000

19.0 13.0 20.9 19.0

19.0

World Oil, 1982a

Schumacher, 198

1.300 189.000

India

Badarpur Balol-Santhal-lenwal Asjol Sobhasan Sobhasan, W Jhalora Viraj

2.081 1.300

Shut in 500.000

14.4 15.0 19.5 18.6 18.6 19.0 19.9

ESCAP, ESCAP, ESCAP, ESCAP, ESCAP, ESCAP, ESCAP,

1982 1982 1982 1982 1982 1982 1982

Kadi, N Mehsana Digboi Kharsang

Totals

Pamosian 1905 Klamono 1936 Duri 1941 Kulin 1970 Kitty 1973 Yakin 1976 Selatan 1971 Boela 1897 Sanga Sanga, Sam bod ja Moi 1979

Totals

Mansuri Nowruz Cyrus " B " Structure Darius-Kharg " F " Structure Kuh-e-Mund Susangerd

Totals

Zubair 1949 Butmah 1953 Jawan 1933 Najmah 1933 4,000 Qaiyarah 1927 10,000 Kirkuk (Avanah) 1927 Awasil 1940 Dujaila 1961 NahrUmr 1948 Ratawi 1950

1963 1965 1962 1972 1961 1968 1932 1967

2,000

1,000 500

20,000 5,000

50

Totals

3.381

Indonesia

185.757 89.339

296.221 9.591 7.869 1.370

14.400 8.164

316.000 .201

.358

.110

.468

1.423 .495

12.793 1.880 1.538 .403

nil

.110

500.000

28.460 9.900

255.872 37.611 30.772

8.063

18.0 15.0 13.0-38.0 17.0

18.0 18.5 19.7 13.2 18.0 18.1 19.5 20.0 17.0-35.0 19.4

ESCAP, 1982 ESCAP, 1982 ESCAP, 1982 ESCAP, 1982

Oil & Gas Journal, 1981d ESCAP, 1982 ESCAP, 1982 Oil & Gas Journal, 1981d

928.912 18.642 370.678

Iran

11.089 79.900 82.814

Abandoned Shut in Abandoned

Shut in

3.650 3.652 6.206

73.000 73.040

124.120 100.000

4,000.000 1,000.000

10.000

20.0 19.0 20.0 14.0 12.0-20.0 5.0-20.0 5.0-10.0

19.0

Nehring, 1981

Nehring, 1981 Nehring, 1981 Nehring, 1981 Nehring, 1981 Nehring, 1981 Nehring, 1981

173.803 13.508 5,380.160

Iraq

742.700 Shut in

10.000 7.400

Shut in

Shut in Shut in

48.000

.447

960.000

800.000 8.940

20.0 14.0 12.0-18.0 11.0-18.0 12.0-18.0 14.0 10.0 15.0 15.0-20.0 20.0

Nehring, 1981 Nehring, 1981 Nehring, 1981 Nehring, 1981 Nehring, 1981 Nehring, 1981 Nehring, 1981 Nehring, 1981 Nehring, 1981

760.100 48.447 1,768.940


State/ Deposit Province Name

Basin Code

Year Discovered


Production


San Giovanni Incarnico Tocco Casauria Ponte Dirillo Lanciano Tramutola Ragusa Pietramala Pisticci-Dimora S. Cataldo Emilio Vallecupa Other fields

1933 1958

1953

1960

1955

Totals

Niitsu Kurokawa Nanokaichi Michikawa-Nigorikawa Innai Kamihama-Kotaki Shonai (Ishinazaka-

Narahashi) Hachimori

Totals

Minagish Bah rah Burgan

Totals

Tsimiroro

1870 1914 1915 1918 1923 1938

1944 1938

1959 1956 1938

500

490 14

8,400

3,800

Italy

20.127 .081

6.155

.037 111.706

.113 4.937

1.050

.002

.407

.007

1.614

.263

Shut in

.050 8.150

.150

32.295

5.276 49.

840.

Miri 1911

313.000

Madagascar

Malaysia

80.000

7.600 152.000

600.000

18.8 18.4 13.5 15.0 17.3 19.7 19.3 10.4 11.6 14.0

Ruhl, 1982 -24.0 Ruhl, 1982; Dalla Casa et al„

Oalla Casaetal., 1981 1981

144.206

Japan

19.460 7.710

7.700 .700

9.090 .700

45.360

Kuwait

313.000

Minor

2.293

.071

.013

.008

.100

.054

.007

.047

.009

.309

7.600

934.921

1.420 .260 .160

2.000 1.080

.140

.940

.180

6.180

152.000

19.0 18.5 19.0 13.5 19.4 18.6

17.7 17.0

20.0

20.0

Shut in

15.0

18.6

Andrianasolo-Ralaimiza, 1981

ESCAP, 1982

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State/ Deposit Province Name

S. Fuwaris

Totals

Osioko Ekulama Assa Okpoko Upomami Ugh-Ogini Ugh-lsoko Other fields and reser

Totals

Qarn Alam Habur Rulib Amal Other fields

Totals

Joya Mir

Forestal Yanayacu Shiviyacu Shiviyacu Nordeste Bartra Huayuri, N. Cunambo San Jacinto Brentana Samiria

Basin Code

voirs

P01

P01 P01 P01 P01

Year Discovered

1963

1967 1958 1961 1967 1965 1964 1960

1972 1975 1979 1961

1944

1973 1974 1973 1977 1979 1980

1974 1974


4,331

1,300

4,500

54

297

63 400

68 30

Production

Cumulative

1,025.983

Nigeria

6.124 97.675

3.510 12.056 8.987

16.110 3.852

148.314

Oman

14.317 2.516

Shut in Shut in

16.833

Pakistan

4.649

Peru

7.414 .077

17.376 .274

1.744 .038

Annual

38.519

.516 23.356

.332

.705 1.026 1.051 .622

64.642

92.250

1.387 .657

2.044

.134

5.011 .016

5.429 .132 .973 .042

Reserves

770.398

10.333 467.126

6.648 14.100 20.520 21.020 12.440

433.000

985.187

27.753 13.154

450.000

490.907

2.687

100.237 .321

108.587 2.649 8.038

.804 10.600 80.000 13.600 6.000

Density (°API)

17.0-19.0

18.0 20.2 20.5 19.0 17.5 19.0 19.0

15.5 16.0 19.0 20.0

16.0

18.3 18.6 19.6 15.8 14.2 18.4 10.0 14.0 13.6 16.0

Reference

Nehring, 1981

Oil & Gas Journal, 1981d Oil & Gas Journal, 1981d Oil & Gas Journal, 1981d Oil & Gas Journal, 1981d

Kharusi, 1982

Nehring, 1981 Nehring, 1981 Kharusi, 1982

Pardo, 1981

Pardo, 1981 Oil & Gas Journal, 1981d Pardo, 1981 Pardo, 1981 Pardo, 1981 Pardo, 1981

Totals 26.923 11.603 330.836

Leyte

Blejesti Videle-Blejesti-

Clejani-Bala

Totals

1959

ro CO

Abu Sa'Fah

Amposta Marino San Carlos I, II

Totals

Karatchok Jubaissah (Jibissa) Alian Other fields

1963

1970

1956 1963 1974

126

1,200 500

Totals

Trintoc Texaco Tesoro

Texaco Trintoc Trinmar

Shantzechiao

Boh Ton Kham (Chaiprakarn)

Ampur Fang

Point Fortin complex Brighton Land Palo Seco-Los

Bajos-Erin Forest Reserve Penal Soldado Main

TR2 TR2

TR2 TR2 TR2 TR2

1953

1907 1908

1926 1913 1936 1955

445

355

Philippines

Romania

Saudi Arabia

404.790

Spain

49.963 30.000

79.963

Syria

72.725 6.774

79.499

Taiwan

.010

Thailand

1.300

16.150

17.450

49.841

1.811

1.811

12.167 2.250 1.825

16.242

26.000

323.000

349.000

996.820

36.229 5.000

41.229

243.340 45.000 36.500

1,000.000

1,324.840

19.0

16.0

19.5

17.0 17.0

20.1 19.9 19.0

18.3

ESCAP, 1982

Ruhl, 1982 Rosing, 1981

Nehring, 1981 Nehring, 1981 Singh & Sastri, 1981 Gutierrez, 1981

.219

Trinidad

86.650 70.945

179.483 241.500

58.224 339.557

.005

1.350 .453

4.256 2.346

.545 16.010

1.544

25.800 2.780

85.132 46.920 56.800

320.216

15.5 16.4

19.0 18.5

12.0 15.5 20.0 15.5

ESCAP, 1982 ESCAP, 1982

Bertrand, 1979 Oil & Gas Journal, 1981d

Bertrand, 1979


State/ Province

Tesoro Texaco

Deposit Name

Guapo Barrackpore

Totals

Basin Code

TR2 TR2

Year Discovered

1913 1911


Production

Cumulative Annual

38.964 .816 27.243 .537

1,042.566 26.313

Reserves

16.327 10.740

564.715

Density (°API)

13.5 18.3

Reference

Oil & Gas Journal, 1981 d

Turkey

Raman Kahta Bati Raman, Magrip Sezgin Yolacan Cobantepe Germik Silivanka G. Dincer

Totals

W.

1940 1958 1961 1961 1970 1970

1958 1962 1981

500 50

2,100 40

50

30 30

31.790 3.942

27.271 13.232

.077

.017

.096

5.000 .139

3.306 .042

1.032 .288 .004

.027

.558

66.127 .288

20.649 5.769

.086

.017

.557 6.000 6.000

11.160

20.0 13.0 14.2 18.0 20.0 19.0 19.0 20.0 20.0 16.7

Nehring, 1981 Nehring, 1981 Oil & Gas Journal, 1981d

81.564 5.257 116.653

U.S.S.R.

Yaregskoye Kokaytynskoye Yuzhno-Koshkarskoye Munaylinskoye Teren'Uzyukskoye Tazhigalinskoye Usinskoye Amudar'lnskoye Kyurovdagskoye Lyal'Mikarskoye Russkoye Karazhanbas

1932 1939

1968 1974

North Sea

Totals

Bressay Clair

490 350

52.734 5,132.000

12.000 6.000

33.000 4.500

.450

9.898

5,250.582

1.060 .200

35.000

6.650

42.910

United Kingdom

21.200 4.000

700.000

133.000

500.000 500.000

1,858.200

47.000 35.000

18.0 18.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 16.0 13.0 20.0 16.6 18.0

20.0

Schumacher, 1982 Schumacher, 1982

Ruhl, 1982 Ruhl, 1982

Totals 82.000

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144

Adas Lestes Libro Los Claros Barua Morichal Pirital Bombal Paez-Mingo Quiriquire Posa Lagunillas Tia Juana Pedernales Bachaquero Cabimas Adjuntas Tacat Temblador

Totals

Wietze Steimbke Old Wesendorf Ampfing Muehldorf-Sued Nordhorn Etzel Reitbrook

Totals

V02 V02 V02 V01 V01 V02 V02 V02 V03 V02 V04 V01 V01 V02 V01 V01 V02 V02 V02

1956 1956 1956 1957 1958 1958 1958 1965 1965 1928 1958 1926 1928 1933 1930 1917 1957 1953 1936

1874 1936

1954 1958 1942

Sumecani 1948

.797

.147 1.600

32.627 15.067

142.845 19.720 2.121

71.901 743.239

.171 9,323.585 3,222.739

57.410 5,390.400 1,390.221

8.963 42.781

105.922

24,339.171

.149

.019

2.203 .322

6.206 1.134 .206

3.356 3.691

168.527 80.929

2.179 140.096 26.202

.798

.570

.615

2.980 .380

44.060 6.440

124.120 22.680 4.120

67.120 73.820

3,370.540 1,618.580

43.580 2,801.920

524.040 16.000 11.400 12.300

525.64410,512.920

West Germany

17.879

14.378 1.712

.801

.050 16.000

.171

.066

.044

Shut in

.004 3.423 1.321 .883

56.000

50.400

15.0 12.0 13.4 10.3 19.5 11.0 20.0 20.5 20.0 19.5 17.5 16.0 13.3 18.5 15.7 17.2 13.9 17.0 19.2

17.5 17.4 18.2 20.7 20.7 14.4 12.9 20.7

Oil & Gas Journal, Oil & Gas Journal, Oil & Gas Journal,

Ruhl, 1982 Ruhl, 1982 Ruhl, 1982

1981d 1981d 1981d

50.820 .281 112.031

Yugoslavia

.110 2.200 15.0

Table 16-16. Extra-heavy crude oil, by field (million barrels)

State/ Province

Deposit Name

Basin Code

Year Discovered


Production


Cuba

Guanabo 1957 .080 .001 .020 9.5

Italy

Sicily Cammarata Pozzilo Gela

Totals

El Limon Ayapa Mecoacan

Totals

Dahomey embayment

1979

1956

1922 1972 1957

.749

.085 155 83.000

83.834

Mexico

1.117 4.467

35.547

41.131

Nigeria

.044

.004 3.000

3.048

.217

.278

.441

.936

.894

.082 60.000

60.976

4.340 5.560 8.820

18.720

7.0 10.0 7.3

9.0 7.2 8.6

DallaCasaetal., 1981 DallaCasaetal., 1981 DallaCasaetal., 1981

Oil & Gas Journal, 1981d Oil & Gas Journal, 1981d

1,022.000 5.3-14.6 Adegoke& Ibe, 1982; Owokalu, 1981

Senegal

Mississippi Louisiana Texas

Flore Dome

Ovett Woodlawn, N. Cabazos Catarina, SW. Clem-Bau Dilley Fen-Mac Jaron

210 220 220 220 220 220 220 220

1950 1974 1967 1976 1976 1976 1973 1973

United States

6.772 .096

.004

.055

.188

.036

.269

.025

.007

.027

700.000

5.399 .015 .001

.517

.142

.010

.540

10

10.0 5.0 5.9 4.1 4.5 3.1 4.1 6.3

Unpublished, 1979

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Table 16-17. Bitumen deposits (million barrels)

State/ Province

Alberta

Sicily

Ondo

Original Deposit Basin Year Oil In-Name Code Discovered place

Selenizza

Athabasca/Wabasca Athabasca deep Buffalo Head Hills Peace River Cold Lake Carbonate Trend

Totals

Ragusa area

Production Cumulative Annual

Density Reserves (°API) Reference

C01 C01 C01 C01 C01 C01

Bemolanga

Dahomey embayment N01

Jibaro

Derna

P01

371

Albania

Canada

918,981 409.500 42,651

5,796 75,072

205,317 315

14,000

21,000

409.500

Italy

Madagascar

Nigeria

Peru

Romania

25

56.000 4.6-13.2 Phizackerly & Scott, 1978; Walters, 1974

59.500 32,319.000 8-10 2,133.000 8-10

290.000 10 3,754.000 8-9

10,265.000 8-13 16.000 7

Alberta, 1982 Alberta, 1982 Alberta, 1982 Alberta, 1982 Alberta, 1982 Janisch, 1981

59.500 48,777.000

210.000

5,460.000 3.4-12.6 Andrianasolo-Ralaimiza, 1981

4,000.000 5.3-14.6 Owokalu, 1981

13.200 7.5-10.0 Pardo, 1981

3.750 Phizackerly & Scott, 1978; Walters, 1974

Trinidad/Tobago

Asphalt Lake 60 9.000 1-2 Walters, 1974

Tatar ASSR (Volga-Ural)

W. Jakutsk ASSR

W. Jakutsk ASSR

Kazakhstan

Krasnoyarsk

Irkutsk

Komi ASSR

Kuybyshev Area

Georgia

Alabama California

Kentucky

New Mexico Ohio Oklahoma Tri-State

Utah

Melekess

Siligir

Olenek

Cheildag (near Baku) N. Caspian

Tunguska

Lena-Anubarsky

Timan-Pechora

Pervomaysk

Notanebsk

Totals

North area Edna McKittrick tar sand Oxnard Vaca Oxnard lower Paris Valley Point Arena Santa Cruz Sisquoc Santa Maria (Foxen) Richfield Asphalt area

Santa Rosa Area South-Central Area

Asphalt Ridge Asphalt Ridge, NW P.R. Spring Hill Creek

R02

R10

R08

R15

R06

R06

R19

200 740 745 755 755 740 725 735 750 750 760 300

435 300 350 335,355,365

575 575 575 575

127,000

13,000

600,000

24 280,000

17,500

70,000

45,500

1,153,024

4,300 175

9 400 165 100

1 10

106 2,000

40 2,000

91 1

800 287

873 100

3,700 830

U.S.S.R.

13.6

13.6

United States

18,450.000

1,950.000

30,000.000

3.600 42,000.000

2,625.000

10,500.000

6,825.000

12.502

3.066

112,369.168

200.000 26.000

1.000 60.000 25.000 15.000

0 2.000

16.000 300.000

6.000 200.000

9.000 .075

40.000 43.100

87.000 15.000

370.000 83.000

5-8

4-8 9-14 12

10.4 14 9.5 9.1

Dvorets, Sorokin, & Surguchev, 1982;Janisch, 1981;Demaison, 1977 Beskrovnyy, Krymov, & Tolkachev, 1981;Janisch, 1981 Auldridge, 1977

Walters, 1974 Beskrovnyy, Krymov, & Tolkachev, 1981 Beskrovnyy, Krymov, & Tolkachev, 1981 Beskrovnyy, Krymov, & Tolkachev, 1981 Beskrovnyy, Krymov, & Tolkachev, 1981 Beskrovnyy, Krymov, & Tolkachev, 1981 Beskrovnyy, Krymov, & Tolkachev, 1981

Congressional, 1974 Hallmark, 1981 Hallmark, 1981 Hallmark, 1981 Hallmark, 1981 Hallmark, 1981 Hallmark, 1981 Hallmark, 1981 Hallmark, 1981 Hallmark, 1981 Hallmark, 1981 Walters, 1974; Congressional, 1974; Lewin, 1982 Budding, 1979 Congressional, 1974 Harrison et al., 1981 Wells, 1977; Ebanks & James, 1974; Harrison, et al., 1981 Campbell & Ritzma, 1981 Campbell & Ritzma, 1981 Campbell & Ritzma, 1981 Campbell & Ritzma, 1981


State/ Province

Texas

Wyoming

Deposit Name

Sunnyside Tar Sand Triangle Circle Cliffs Uvalde area

Area

Totals

Guanoco Pitch Lake

Eschershausen

Basin Code

575 585 585 400

530

Year Discovered

1843


2,000 6,100 1,137 3,000

1,000

29,225

12

Production Cumulative

Venezuela

West Germany

4.200

Zaire

Annual Reserves

200.000 610.000 114.000 150.000

150.000

2,722.175

2.000

Density (°API)

8.6 4.3

-3 - 2

Reference

Campbell & Ritzma, 1981 Campbell & Ritzma, 1981 Campbell & Ritzma, 1981 Oil & Gas Journal, 1981a; Lewin, 1982 Lewin, 1982

Abraham, 1960

Ruhl, 1982

Zaire-Cabinda border area 1,500 21.000 YIMBU, 1981; Rushoboza, 1982


Table 16-18. World cumulative production of natural asphalts, tonnes)

Country Production

Albania Austria Austria-Hungary Barbados Canada Cuba Czechoslovakia France Germany Greece Iraq Italy Japan

Source: Abraham, I960

11 3

81 1 6

115 4

2,127 1,834

20 29

3,973 47

Italy to be about 350 million tons (2.45 billion barrels) or about 600 million barrels at 25 percent recovery. This compares with about 350 million barrels by our estimate of reserves plus cumulative production. They also projected a possible 1,200 million tons (8.4 billion barrels) of oil in-place in fields already discovered but not developed. They made no estimate of potential reserves; Ruhl (1982) considered a 10 percent recovery to be likely in these fields.

With respect to the bitumen deposits ofltaly.it appears that earlier reports (Meyer & Dietzman, 1981) have been unduly optimistic and the apparent errors in estimation have been duly reported (Dalla Casa et al., 1981). However, the natural asphalt in the Ragusa area in Sicily appears to contain more than 1 billion barrels of oil in-place,some of which has been mined for road asphalt but most of which is deemed uneconomic for exploitation for oil in the foreseeable future.

Middle East Nehring (1981) made the point that the known heavy-

oil reservoirs of the Middle East contain 50-90 billion barrels of oil in-place, whereas total oil in-place for the area is about 1.5 trillion barrels. The heavy oil resource, therefore, is of minor immediate consequence. Although this may be an accurate statement,it is presumably conservative, for there has been little incentive to date to test, much less report, accumulations of heavy oil. Kharusi (1982) estimated that Oman fields include 5.8 billion barrels of oil in-place that is heavier than 25° gravity API. Most of the oil in north and central Oman is light, except in Qarn Alam field. In the south, there are heavy-oil accumulations, such as that in the large Marmul field.

Nigeria and Adjoining Countries The estimated resources of Nigeria are very large. At the

UNITAR Conference in Caracas it was suggested that the bitumen of the Dahomey embayment might extend westward into Benin and Togo. On the basis of the stratigraphic work performed in Nigeria, this does not appear to be

asphaltites, and asphaltic pyrobitumins, 1906-1931 (1,000

Country Production

Netherlands East Indies Peru Poland Romania Spain Switzerland Trinidad U.S.S.R. U.S.A. Venezuela Yugoslavia

Total

30 95

8 154 156 429

4,171 217

30,387 1,086

1

44,985

correct, the bitumen-bearing sandstones pinching out in western Nigeria.

North Sea Published evaluations as well as conference discussions

indicate that the heavy oil resources of the North Sea may amount to several billions of barrels. It likely will be at least a decade before better estimates are forthcoming.

Peru Pardo (1981) attributed a total of in-place heavy-oil

reserves for the Maranon basin of 1.5 billion barrels. Consequently, the basin is an attractive area for exploration. Indeed, northwestern South America, including Ecuador and Colombia, in addition to Peru, is one of the prime world heavy-oil targets.

Senegal The Flore Dome, containing an estimated 100 million

tons (700 million barrels) of oil of 10° gravity API is located 60 km offshore at a water depth of 60 m in the 1 Casamance region (Unpublished report, 1979). The field is yet to be exploited.

U.S.S.R. Information on the producing reservoirs of the Soviet

Union is deficient. With respect to bitumen deposits, however, a great deal is known. We do not believe that any of the listed deposits are duplicates; regardless, the apparent amount of contained bitumen and its distribution across that vast nation makes the Russian deposits notable. With eventual decline in medium and light crude oil reserves, and progress in extraction technology in frigid climates, these deposits will certainly be exploited. It has been suggested (Walters, 1974) that the Olenek deposit perhaps may be of the same order of magnitude as the Athabasca deposit. Beskrovnyy, Krymov, and Tolkachev (1981) indicated that reserves of bituminous rocks in the U.S.S.R. are still poorly known. Only the reserves at Pervomaysk and Notanebsk are

151


defined, as well as the Sadinsk asphaltite deposit of 194,000 tons. Furthermore, it may some day be possible to extract synthetic fuels from the Devonian and Carboniferous shales of the Volga-Urals region, estimated to represent perhaps the equivalent of 2.1 trillion (1012) barrels of bitumen (Dvorets, Sorokin, and Surguchev, 1982). Although not including resource estimates, the review of Soviet bitumen deposits and their reservoir characteristics by Khalimov et al. (1981) is very complete and serves to direct attention to the breadth of their occurrence. It defines the petroleum provinces of the U.S.S.R. and highlights the significant areas of bitumen deposits. More than 200 heavy-oil and bitumen deposits have been described in the Tatar-Melekess area, totaling 127 billion barrels, and more than 50 deposits are reported in the south Emba area, mostly associated with salt domes. In support of the estimate of the Olenek deposit given above, Khalimov et al. (1981) indicated that it is indeed of major importance, having sandstones 5-50 m thick, porosities of 20 percent or more, permeabilities of 100 md, and a length of 50-60 km. Also described is the Siligir-Markhinsk deposit in a belt of carbonate rocks covering 6,000 km2. Gross thickness of the bitumen-impregnated rocks is 500 m, with individual beds as much as 15 m thick. The authors stated that at the present time the deposit at Yarega is the only one being commercially mined, but mining was attempted in the past in Daghestan ASSR, Azerbaijan SSR, Groznyy, and the Ukraine.

Soviet interest in enhanced oil recovery and heavy oil is clear from the report of Baibakov and Garushev (1977). They described operations in several areas. On Sakhalin the main heavy-oil reserves (17°-22° API) are found in the Okha, Katangli, Uyglekuoty, East Ekhabi, and West Sabo fields. The introduction of steam heat in these fields not only stabilized production but led to an increase of 25 percent over the 1975 level. The tunnel method is used to exploit the 15.9° API heavy crude in the Yarega field. In the most recent production technique, steam and water are injected from tunnels into the reservoir, with oil drainage through a ramp to the lower horizon. Ultimate oil recovery is expected to exceed 50 percent and may be as great as 90 percent, with annual production to increase from 0.25 thousand tons (1,800 barrels) in 1976 to a peak of 1 million tons (73 million barrels).

U.S.A. Although the United States appears to rank only sixth

among nations in heavy-oil and bitumen resources, it has been the scene of intense research in heavy-oil extraction methods. The heavy oil is concentrated in California, the state that also appears to include the bulk of the undiscovered and poorly known resources.

Recently, heavy oil in-place totalling as much as 40 billion barrels has been identified at the Kuparuk field on Alaska's North Slope (table 16-15). Additional heavy oil occurs in the Santa Barbara channel offshore (table 16-10), and onshore exploration is being conducted in the area of the San Ardo field.

Venezuela There is little question that the Orinoco heavy oil belt

in the eastern Venezuela basin is one of the world's great reserves of crude oil. The belt presently is the subject of intense investigation by the various Venezuelan national oil companies (Zamora & Gambrano, 1982; Vasquez & Pach-eco, 1982; Fiorillo, 1982; Borregales, 1982; Diaz, 1981). In addition, large amounts of heavy crude oil are found elsewhere in Venezuela both in known fields and fields expected to be discovered in the future.

It is still too early to define the exact size of the Orinoco heavy oil belt, but present indications are that its oil in-place is in the range of 700-1,000 billion barrels. Already 3.1 billion barrels from the heavy oil area are included in Venezuela's official proved reserves. Table 16-19 summarizes Venezuela's official production and reserves data (Omana, 1982). The data compiled by field in the tables in this report obviously do not match the official data. In time it should be possible to correct these deficiencies in our data base, but for present purposes, to compare heavy-oil and bitumen resources throughout the world, the data as given in our tables are adequate.

WORLD SUMMARY Tables 16-20, 16-21, and 16-22 summarize for each

country heavy and extra-heavy crude oil, and bitumen, respectively, with respect to production, reserves, and ultimate recovery. Table 16-23 then summarizes, by country,

Table 16-19. Official production and reserves data for Venezuela

1980 1981

Estimated

Production: (million barrels)

Reserves: (million barrels)

Total

Light/medium Heavy/extra heavy

Total

Light/medium Heavy/extra heavy

793.1

445.9 347.2

19,665

8,360 11,305

791.3

444.9 346.4

23,000

8,900 14,100

1 5 2


Table 16-20. Summary of heavy crude oil production, reserves, and ultimate recovery, by country (million barrels)

Country

Production

Cumulative

32.0 48.5 Nil

.3 888.8

12.2 3.3

253.5

689.9 1.3 1.2

330.7 29.9 45.7

3.4 928.9 173.8 760.1 144.2 45.4

313.0

80.0 1,717.9

118.9 1,026.0

148.3 16.8 4.6

26.9 Nil

404.8 80.0 79.5

Nil .2

1,042.6 81.6

5,250.6

10,092.6 24,339.2

50.8

Annual

5.2 1.0 1.8

Nil 13.5

.3

19.8 108.8

18.1 .1

1.0 16.4 1.0 7.4 1.3 .5

18.6 13.5 48.4

2.3 .3

7.6

26.2 3.6

38.5 92.3

2.0 .1

11.6

17.5 49.8

1.8 16.2

Nil 26.3

5.3 42.9

232.9 525.6

.3

.1

Reserves Ultimate Recovery

Albania Angola Argentina Australia Austria Brunei Bulgaria Burma Canada China Colombia Cuba Ecuador Egypt France Gabon Hungary India Indonesia Iran Iraq Italy Japan Kuwait Madagascar Malaysia Mexico Netherlands Neutral Zone Nigeria Oman Pakistan Peru Philippines Romania Saudi Arabia Spain Syria Taiwan Thailand Trinidad Turkey U.S.S.R. United Kingdom U.S.A. Venezuela West Germany Yugoslavia

Totals

104.0 20.5

343.9

4.0 1,800.0

6.0

240.2 442.0 361.5

1.7 1,532.9

328.0 19.4

157.6 189.0 500.0 370.7

5,380.2 1,768.9

934.9 6.2

152.0 600.0

524.6 72.8

770.4 985.2 490.9

2.7 330.9

349.0 996.8

41.2 1,324.8

1.5 564.7 116.7

1,858.2 82.0

7,926.6 10,512.9

112.0 2.2

49,269.4 1,379.7 42,329.7

104.0 52.5

392.4

4.3 2,688.8

18.2 3.3

493.7 442.0

1,051.4 3.0

1,534.1 658.1 49.3

203.3 189.0 503.4

1,299.6 5,554.0 2,529.0 1,079.1

51.6 465.0 600.0

80.0 2,242.5

191.7 1,796.4 1,133.5

507.7 7.3

357.8

349.0 1,401.6

121.2 1,404.3

1.7 1,611.3

198.3 7,108.8

82.0 18,019.2 34,852.1

162.8 2.2

91,600.5

153


Table 16-21. Summary of extra-heavy crude oil, by country (million barrels)

Production Country Cumulative Annual Reserves

Ultimate Recovery

Cuba Italy Mexico Nigeria Senegal U.S.A. Venezuela West Germany

Totals

0.1 83.8 41.1

0 0

26.2 75.4

.5_ 227.1

3.0 .9 0 0 .6

3.4 0

0 61.0 18.7

1,022.0 700.0

14.9 57,067.7

0

0.1 144.8 59.8

1,022.0 700.0 41.1

57,143.1 .5

7.9 58,884.3 59,111.4

Table 16-22. Summary of bitumen, by country (million barrels)

Production Country Cumulative Annual Reserves

Ultimate Recovery

Albania Canada Italy Madagascar Nigeria Peru Romania Trinidad U.S.S.R. U.S.A. Venezuela West Germany Zaire

Totals

409.5

13.6

4.2

427.3

59.5

59.5

56.0 48,777.0

210.0 5,460.0 4,000.0

13.2 3.8 9.0

112,369.2 2,722.2

2.0

21.0

173,643.4

56.0 49,186.5

210.0 5,460.0 4,000.0

13.2 3.8 9.0

112,382.8 2,722.2

2.0 4.2

21.0

174,070.7

the total estimated remaining recoverable reserves of each commodity, including that which is undiscovered or poorly known. Original oil and bitumen in-place have not been summed, although they total more than 5 trillion barrels.

We estimate recoverable reserves to be 609.6 billion barrels or some 10 percent of in-place reserves, of which 334.8 billion barrels or 55 percent is either undiscovered or, more commonly, simply poorly known. Of the country totals, Venezuela possesses 45 percent; the U.S.S.R., 26 percent; Canada, 10 percent; Nigeria, Mexico, and the U.S.A., 12 percent; and all the rest, 7 percent.

A recent estimate places ultimate total recoverable world crude oil reserves at nearly 1,800 billion barrels (Halbouty & Moody, 1979), a figure that no doubt includes some of the oil estimated by us but probably rather little of it. This estimate of 1,800 billion barrels is about 3.4 times as large as the comparable figure for heavy oil and bitumen. However, if the 1,800 billion barrels is roughly one-third the original conventional oil in-place, then the two resources-

conventional and heavy plus bitumen—are volumetrically comparable. That is, each approximates 5,000 billion barrels in-place. There is, of course, much more room for incremental recovery above the postulated reserve level for the heavy crude oil and bitumen. Of far greater significance is the apparent very large size of the total hydrocarbon resource potential, including conventional oil and gas, heavy and extra-heavy oil, and bitumen; this, of course, does not include natural gas and associated gas liquids.

The remaining recoverable heavy oil and bitumen resource indeed is large. It is sobering to consider, however, that this roughly 600 billion barrels represents but 12 years supply of world primary energy consumption on an oil-equivalent basis, based on the 1981 level of 50 bfllion barrels (British Petroleum Company, 1982). No single energy source can fill all needs, but such a perspective clearly illustrates the limitations of nonrenewable resources. It is imperative that the necessary incentive for exploration and production of the petroleum resource base be provided.

154


Table 16-23. Estimated remaining total reserves of heavy and extra-heavy crude oil and bitumen, by country (million barrels)

Country

Heavy

Reserves (table 16-20)

Undiscovered (tables 16-10,16-11)

Extra-heavy

Reserves (table 16-21)

Bitumen

Reserves Undiscovered (table 16-22) (table 16-12) Total

Albania 104.0 Angola 20.5 Argentina 343.9 Australia Austria 4.0 Brunei 1,800.0 Bulgaria 6.0 Burma Canada 240.2 China 442.0 Colombia 361.5 Cuba 1.7 Ecuador 1,532.9 Egypt 328.0 France 19.4 Gabon 157.6 Hungary 189.0 India 500.0 Indonesia 370.7 Iran 5,380.2 Iraq 1,768.9 Italy 934.9 Japan 6.2 Kuwait 152.0 Madagascar 600.0 Malaysia Mexico 524.6 Netherlands 72.8 Neutral Zone 770.4 Nigeria 985.2 Norway Oman 490.9 Pakistan 2.7 Peru 330.9 Philippines • Romania 349.0 Saudi Arabia 996.8 Senegal Spain 41.2 Syria 1,324.8 Taiwan Thailand 1.5 Trinidad 564.7 Turkey 116.7 U.S.S.R. 1,858.2 United Arab Emirates United Kingdom 82.0 U.S.A. 7,926.6 Venezuela 10,512.9 West Germany 112.0 Yugoslavia 2.2 Zaire

Totals 42,329.7

56.0

3,679.0

39.0

800.0 1,300.0 3,900.0

200.0

16,000.0

31,000.0 200.0 100.0

150.0

2,900.0

20,510.0 400.0

2,214.0 165,500.0

248,892.0

48,777.0 85,000

61.0

18.7

1,022.0

210.0

5,460.0

4,000.0

13.2

3.8

700.0

14.9 57,067.7

58,884.3

9.0

112,369.2

2,722.2 2.0

880.0

21.0

173,643.4 85,880.0

160.0 20.5

343.9

4.0 1,800.0

6.0

137,696.2 442.0 400.5

1.7 1,532.9

328.0 19.4

157.6 189.0 500.0

1,170.7 6,680.2 5,668.9 1,205.9

6.2 352.0

6,060.0

16,543.3 72.8

770.4 37,007.2

200.0 590.9

2.7 494.1

352.8 3,896.8

700.0 41.2

1,324.8

1.5 573.7 116.7

134,737.4 400.0

82.0 13,757.7

233,082.6 112.0

2.2 21.0

609,629.4

155


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158

r

THE FUTURE OF HEAVY CRUDE

AND TAR SANDS

Second International Conference

Sponsored by

THE UNITED NATIONS INSTITUTE FOR TRAINING AND RESEARCH

and

PETROLEOS DE VENEZUELA S.A.

in cooperation with

THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY

and

ALBERTA OIL SANDS TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH AUTHORITY

7-17 February 1982 Caracas, Venezuela

Joseph Barnea Scientific Secretary

R.F. MEYER, J.C. WYNN, and J.C. OLSON Editors

THE FUTURE OF HEAVY CRUDE A N D TAR S A N D S

THE SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE

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