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Chapter 16. Neural Integration II: The Autonomic Nervous System and Higher-Order Functions. Sensory. Motor. General (15). Somatic (15). Special (17). Autonomic (16). fig. 15-1. fig. 16-1. Autonomic Nervous System (ANS). regulate homeostasis works independent of consciousness. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Chapter 16
Neural Integration II:The Autonomic Nervous
System and Higher-Order Functions
Sensory Motor
General (15)
Special (17)
Somatic (15)
Autonomic (16)
fig. 15-1
fig. 16-1
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
regulate homeostasisworks independent of consciousness
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
compared to Somatic NS
fig. 16-2
fig. 16-3
Sympathetic
prepare body for heightened levels of somatic activity
“fight or flight” response
•increased mental alertness•increase metabolic rate•reduced digestive/urinary fn•activation of energy reserves•increase respiration rate•increase heart rate, bp•activation of sweat glands
fig. 16-7
parasympathetic
stimulates visceral activity
“rest and repose”conserve energypromote sedentary activities
•decrease metabolic rate•decrease heart rate, bp•increase secretion-digestion•more blood to digestive system•stimulate urination/defecation
sympatheticparasympatheticENS
enteric nervous system
complex visceral reflexes
sympathetic nervous system
preganglionic neurons
T1 to L2 lateral horn of spinal cord
project to ganglia (3)
sympathetic chain gangliacollateral gangliaadrenal medulla
lots of divergence (1 to many)
fig. 16-4
fig. 16-5 sympathetic nervous system
collateral ganglia
celiacstomach, liver, gall bladderpancreas and spleen
superior mesentericsmall intestineproximal 2/3’s of large intestine
inferior mesentericlarge intestine, kidneys, bladder reproductive organs
fig. 16-4b
Adrenal medulla
receives preganglionic sympathetic input
synapse on neuroendocrine cells of medulla
cells secrete E or NE into blood
epinephrinenorepinephrine
adrenalinenoradrenaline
fig. 16-4c
CRISIS
sympathetic activation
controlled by centers in the hypothalamus
increased alertness RASfeelings of energy and euphoria
(disregard for danger, insensitivity to pain)
Increase heart and lung activity(controlled by pons and medulla)
Elevation of muscle toneMobilization of energy reserves
sympathetic neurotransmitters
preganglionic neurons use ACh(cholinergic)
postganglionic neurons release NE(adrenergic)
postganglionic cells have varicositiesinstead of axon terminals
fig. 16-6
sympathetic neurotransmitters
affect is longer lasting thanat a neuromuscular jn (Ach; 20 msec)
NE affects its targets until it is reabsorbed or broken down (seconds)
NE adrenal medulla lasts even longer(minutes)
sympathetic neurotransmitters
Most of the NE released is reabsorbed by the neruon (50-80%) reabsorbed NE is re-used or broken down by MAO (monoamine oxidase)
the rest diffuses away and is broken down by COMT in the tissues
receptors for NE
Two classes
alpha beta
both are G-proteins(second messengers; 12)
sympathetic neurotransmitters
neurotransmitters andneuromodulators
How do they work?
1. direct effect onmembrane potential
2. indirect effect onmembrane potential
3. diffusion into cell
2.
fig. 12-17
fig 12-17
alpha receptors
-1
-2
more commonrelease intracellular Ca2+
stimulates target cell
lowers cAMP levels in cell(inhibitory on target cell)found on parasympathetic cells
sympathetic neurotransmitters
beta receptors
in membranes of many organsheart, lungs, liver, muscle, …
sympathetic neurotransmitters
changes metabolic activity of target cells (intracellular cAMP)
beta receptors
-1
-2
increased metabolic activityskeletal musclecardiac output
inhibitoryrelax smooth m. in resp. tracteasier to breath (asthma)
sympathetic neurotransmitters
beta receptors
-3
found in adipose tissuecauses lipolysisrelease fatty acids for metabolism
sympathetic neurotransmitters
other transmitters
sympathetic neurotransmitters
ACh
NO (nitric oxide)
sweat glands in skin (secretion)blood vessels to brain and muscle
(dilation of vessels)
vasodilation in brain and muscle
to here3/16/07lec# 27
uses sympathetic chaincollateral gangliaadrenal medulla
short preganglionic, long postgang.excessive divergence (2 doz +)pregang. cells release AChMost postgang. cells release NE
a few use ACh, NOResponse depends on receptors ()
sympathetic summary
sympathetic summary
neurotransmitters and receptors:
ACh
NE ACh NO
pre-
post-
receptors
most
common-stimulatory
inhibitory increaseskel. muscle
cardiac output
inhibitory(airways)
fat cellslipolysis
Parasympathetic nervous system
fig. 16-7
Parasympathetic nervous system
preganglionic cells in nuclei in:midbrainponsmedulla oblongataspinal cord
travel with:CN III, VII, IX, Xpelvic nerves S2 to S4
preganglionic cells:
less divergence than sym.(6-8)
postganglionic cells:in terminal ganglia (near organ)
orintramural (in organ)
effects more localized and specific
Parasympathetic nervous system
fig. 16-8
CN III
VII
IX
X
pelvic
CN III, VII, IX
control visceral structures in the head
CN X
neck, thoracic and abdominal cavities(75% of parasympathetics)
Parasympathetic nervous system
constrict pupilsclose visionstimulate digestion secretionssecretion of hormones-cellular nutrient usesexual arousal changesincrease smooth m. activity - digestive sys.stimulate/coordinate defecationcontract urinary bladder for urinationconstrict airwaysreduce heart activity
Parasympathetic activation
ACh
Parasympathetic neurotransmitters
fast actinginactivated quickly by AChE
localized effects
Receptors
Parasympathetic neurotransmitters
two types: nicotinic
muscarinic
on ganglion cellsmost muscles (SNS)lead to epsp
parasym. muscle, glandsG proteinsepsp or ipsplonger lasting
Receptors
Parasympathetic neurotransmitters
nicotinic
muscarinic
nicotine poisoning (50 mg):vomiting, diarrhea, high bprapid heart rate, sweating,…
nausea, vomitting, diarrhea,constriction of airways, low bplow heart rate
100 keys (pg. 530)
“The preganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous system release acetylcholine (ACh) as a neurotransmitter. The ganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division primarily release norepinephrine as a neurotransmitter (and both NE and E as hormones at the adrenal medulla). The ganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division release ACh as a neurotransmitter.
Table 16-2
fig. 16-9
summary and interactions
sympatheticwidespread distribution
parasympatheticvisceral structures served by CNor in abdominopelvic cavity
most organs receive input from both(dual innervation)
actions are usually opposite
anatomy of dual innervation
headparasympathetics with CNsympathetic via superior cevical ganglion
thorax and abdomensympathetics and parasympathetics mix
autonomic plexusescardiacpulmonaryesophagealceliachypogastric
fig. 16-10
autonomic tone
background stimulationallows for more control
two examples:
autonomic tone
1. heart receives dual innervation
review: cardiac muscle has pacemaker
ACh from parasym. slows rateNE from sympath. accelerates rate
both are released all the time but,normally parasym is in control
can modulate heart rate up or down
autonomic tone
2. blood vessel diameter
review: only get sympathetic
background NE from sympathetic
partial constriction of vessels
need more blood stop NE releaseincrease ACh release
blood vessels dilate
autonomic tone
2. blood vessel diameter
review: only get sympathetic
background NE from sympathetic
partial constriction of vessels
need less blood increase NE release
blood vessels constrict
autonomic integration and control
centers are found all over the CNS
primary motor cortex (UMN) …
…LMN of cranial and spinal reflexes
alsovisceral reflexes
example
visceral reflexes
shine a light in one eye…
…both pupils will constrict
parasympathetic
in the dark…
…pupils dilate
sympathetic
(consensual light reflex)
(pupillary reflex)
visceral reflexes
motor muclei controlling the pupils are controlled by hypothalamic centers responding to emotions too
nauseated/queasy pupils constrictsexually aroused pupils dilate
autonomic integration and control
visceral reflex arc
receptor (sensory neuron)processing center (interneurons)two visceral motor neurons
long or short reflexes
autonomic integration and control
long reflexes
equivalent to the spinal reflex (13)
processing (interneurons) in CNS
fig. 16-11
autonomic integration and control
short reflexes
processing (interneurons) in ganglion
bypass the CNS
fig. 16-11
autonomic integration and control
short reflexes
processing (interneurons) in ganglion
bypass the CNS
used extensively in digestive system
ENS
autonomic integration and control
other autonomous reflexes
respiration,cardiovascular,…
table 16-4
autonomic integration and control
other autonomous reflexes
respiration,cardiovascular,…
parasympatheticorgan or
organ system
sympatheticactivated as
a wholedivergance
higher levels of control
centers for:
cardiovascularrespiratory
nuclei in medulla
oblongataswallowingsalivationdigestive secretionsperistalsisurinary functions
hypothalamus
integration of ANS and SNS
see fig. 16-12
Higher order functions
•need cerebral cortex•involve conscious and unconscious•not part of “hardwiring”
subject to modification and adjustment
memory / learningconsciousnesssleep / arousalbrain chemistry / behavioraging
Higher order functions
memory / learning
fact memories bit of infoskill memories learned actions
short term (primary)
long termsecondary may fade with timetertiary lifetime
memory consolidation
fig. 16-13
Higher order functions
memory / learning
memory consolidation
damage hippocampuscannot convert short-term to long-termexisting long term remains intact
involves amygdoloid bodyhippocampus
Higher order functions
memory / learning
memory consolidation
involves amygdoloid bodyhippocampus
damage to nucleus leads changeswith Alzheimers (later)
nucleus basalis ?
Higher order functions
memory / learning
memory consolidation
long term memoriesstored the cerebral cortex
association areas
some memories are dependent on the activity of a single neuron
to here 3/19Lec #28
Higher order functions
memory / learning
memory consolidation
anatomical/physiological neurons and synapses
Higher order functions
memory / learning
memory consolidation
increased nt releasefacilitation at synapsesadditional synaptic connections
create anatomical changes in circuits
1 circuit/1 memory = memory engram
Higher order functions
memory / learning
memory consolidation
take time
natureintensityfrequency
of stimulus
strength, extremeness,frequency, drugs
influenced by:
Higher order functions
memory / learning
memory consolidation
hippocampus
NMDA-receptorschemically gated Ca2+ channels
blocking NMDA receptors prevents formation of long-term memory
Higher order functions
memory / learning
amnesia
loss of memory because of disease or trauma
Higher order functions
memory / learning
amnesia
retrogradelose memory of past eventse.g., head injury-forget accident
anterogradeinability to store new memoriescommon sign of senilityliving in “new” surroundings
Higher order functions
memory / learning
amnesia
can occur suddenly or progresivelyrecovery can be:
completepartialnon-existent
depending on
problem
Higher order functions
memory / learning
amnesia
diazepam (valium)Halcion
can cause brief periods of anterograde amnesia
100 Keys (pg. 539)
“Memory storage involves anatomical as well as physiological changes in neurons. The hippocampus is involved in the conversion of temporary, short-term memories into durable long-term memories.”
Higher order functions
States of consciousness
conscious----
unconscious
awake
asleep…
coma really asleep
Higher order functions
sleep
deep sleepaka., slow wave sleep
non-REM sleep
REM sleeprapid eye movement sleep
Higher order functions
sleep
deep sleepbody relaxescerebral activity is minimalheart, resp, bp, energy
utilization all decrease (30%)
Higher order functions
sleep
REM sleep
active dreamingresp. rate, bpEEG looks similar to awake, but less response to outside stimulidecrease in muscle tone (intense SNS inhibition) eye muscles escape inhibition
Higher order functions
sleep
REM sleep
cycles of REM, non-REM
fig. 16-14a
fig. 16-14b
sleep disorders
25% of Americansabnormal REMsleepwalking
…
Higher order functions
sleep
Higher order functions
arousal
awakeningcontrolled by the reticular formationextensive interconnections with:
sensorymotorintegrative nuclei
Higher order functions
arousal
RASreticular activating system
from medulla to midbrainprojects to thalamus
cortex
activity of cortex is proportionalactivity of RAS
fig. 16-15
Higher order functions
arousal
RAS
sleep is ended by activationeffects last short time (min)positive feedback keeps us awake
Higher order functions
arousal
RAS
nuclei
nuclei
NE+
serotonin-
promotessleep
maintainsalertness
100 keys (pg. 541)
“An individual’s state of consciousness is variable and complex, rangeing from energized and “hyper” to unconscious and comatose. During deep sleep, all metabolic functions are significantly reduced; during TEM sleep, muscular activities ar inhibited while cerebral activity is similar to that seen in awake individuals. Sleep disorders result in abnormal reaction times, mood swings and behaviors. Awakening occurs when the reticular activating system becomes active; the greater the level of activity, the more alert the individual.”
Brain chemistry and behavior
changes in the balance of nt’s can affect brain function.
sleep-wake cyclesHuntington’s disease
Brain chemistry and behavior
Huntington’s disease
destruction of ACh and GABA secreting neurons in the basal nuclei
loss of basal nuclei, frontal lobes
loss of muscle control and intellectual abilities
Brain chemistry and behavior
serotonin
LSD activates serotonin receptors
hallucinations
enhance serotonin activity
Brain chemistry and behavior
serotonin
block serotonindepression and anxiety
slow serotonin removalincrease serotonin
(SSRI’s)Prozac, Paxil, Zoloft
Brain chemistry and behavior
serotonin
variety of pathways delivering serotonin to nuclei and higher centers
affect sensory interpretation and emotional states
Brain chemistry and behavior
dopamine
needed to reduce muscle tone
stimulated by “speed”causes “schizophrenia”
disturbances inmoodthought andbehavior
Aging
affects all body systems (including brain)changes begin around 30
reduction in brain size and weight (cortex)reduction in # of neurons (cortex)decreased blood flow to brain (arteriosclerosis)changes in synaptic organization (fewer)cellular changes
accumulations inside the cells (tangles)accumulations outside the cells (plaques)
Aging
Alzheimer’s
progressive disorder characterized by loss of higher order cerebral functions
15% of people over 6550% of people over 85100,000 deaths/year
Aging
Alzheimer’s
areas develop “plaques” and “tangles”??
geneticslate onset chromosome 19early onset chromosomes 21 and 14
no cure, but may slow progression
Integration of Nervous System with other body systems
monitors all systemsadjusts their activity
level of impact is variable
skeletal muscle
cardiac muscle
fig. 16-16