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Chapter 15Chapter 15The First World WarThe First World War
How and why were Canada How and why were Canada and Newfoundland and Newfoundland
involved in the First World involved in the First World War?War?
Before the WarBefore the War
• To understand World War 1, you need to understand the To understand World War 1, you need to understand the alliances that were in place before the war, and why alliances that were in place before the war, and why they played a huge role.they played a huge role.
• Alliances – Everyone agrees to stick together if in trouble Alliances – Everyone agrees to stick together if in trouble or attackedor attacked
• In 1914, there were two main alliances:In 1914, there were two main alliances:– Triple Entente Triple Entente (Allied Powers)(Allied Powers) - Britain, France, Russia - Britain, France, Russia– Triple Alliance Triple Alliance (Central Powers)(Central Powers) - Germany, Austria- - Germany, Austria-
Hungary, ItalyHungary, Italy
• In 1915, Italy switched and joined the Triple Entente.In 1915, Italy switched and joined the Triple Entente.
• Other countries in the area joined one side or the other.Other countries in the area joined one side or the other.
Triple EntenteTriple Entente::Triple EntenteTriple Entente:: Triple AllianceTriple Alliance::Triple AllianceTriple Alliance::
AlliancesAlliancesAlliancesAlliances
Germany
Austria-Hungary
Italy
Great Britain
France
Russia
The Arms RaceThe Arms Race
• By 1914, England and Germany were By 1914, England and Germany were in an in an Arms RaceArms Race. They were . They were competing to see who could build up competing to see who could build up the most weapons.the most weapons.
• However, WWI didn’t start with However, WWI didn’t start with England and Germany going to war.England and Germany going to war.
Trouble in the BalkansTrouble in the Balkans
• The trouble really started in an area called the The trouble really started in an area called the Balkans in southeast Europe.Balkans in southeast Europe.
• In 1908, Austria-Hungary took over part of the In 1908, Austria-Hungary took over part of the Balkans called Bosnia-Herzegovina.Balkans called Bosnia-Herzegovina.
• This angered and worried the people in the This angered and worried the people in the Balkans. Many people felt that other areas of the Balkans. Many people felt that other areas of the Balkans were going to be taken over including Balkans were going to be taken over including Serbia.Serbia.
• People in Bosnia wanted their freedom from People in Bosnia wanted their freedom from Austria-Hungary.Austria-Hungary.
The Black HandThe Black Hand
• A group in Serbia called the "Black A group in Serbia called the "Black Hand" was formed. They were Hand" was formed. They were determined to not allow Austria-determined to not allow Austria-Hungary to take them over. Hungary to take them over.
• They also wanted to free Bosnia and They also wanted to free Bosnia and many Bosnians also joined.many Bosnians also joined.
Causes of WWI - Assassination
Causes of WWI - Assassination
Archduke Franz Ferdinand and Duchess Archduke Franz Ferdinand and Duchess Sophie at Sarajevo, Bosnia, on June 28Sophie at Sarajevo, Bosnia, on June 28thth, ,
1914.1914.
AssassinationAssassination• The event that set off the World War was The event that set off the World War was
the assassination of the Archduke the assassination of the Archduke Ferdinand and his wife Sophia. He was the Ferdinand and his wife Sophia. He was the heir to throne in Austria-Hungary.heir to throne in Austria-Hungary.
• When the Black Hand found out that When the Black Hand found out that Ferdinand was planning a visit to Sarajevo Ferdinand was planning a visit to Sarajevo in Bosnia, they threatened to kill him as a in Bosnia, they threatened to kill him as a protest against Austria-Hungary.protest against Austria-Hungary.
• He went anyway on June 28, 1914 and a He went anyway on June 28, 1914 and a member of the Black Hand, Gavrilomember of the Black Hand, Gavrilo Princip, Princip, shot both he and his wife.shot both he and his wife.
Causes of WWI - Assassination
Causes of WWI - Assassination
Causes of WWI - Causes of WWI - AssassinationAssassination
Causes of WWI - Causes of WWI - AssassinationAssassination
Causes of WWICauses of WWI - - AAssassinationssassinationCauses of WWICauses of WWI - - AAssassinationssassination
Gavrilo Princip after his Gavrilo Princip after his assassination of Austrian assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand.Archduke Franz Ferdinand.
SerbiaSerbia• The world was shocked by the assassination, and The world was shocked by the assassination, and
Austria-Hungary wanted justice.Austria-Hungary wanted justice.
• Austria-Hungary accused the Serbian government of Austria-Hungary accused the Serbian government of protecting and supporting the Black Hand; the protecting and supporting the Black Hand; the Serbian Government denied that.Serbian Government denied that.
• Austria-Hungary wanted to come to Serbia to see for Austria-Hungary wanted to come to Serbia to see for themselves; Serbia said no. Serbia felt that if themselves; Serbia said no. Serbia felt that if Austria-Hungary came that they may try to take over Austria-Hungary came that they may try to take over Serbia.Serbia.
• On July 28, 1914 Austria-Hungary declared war on On July 28, 1914 Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia – war escalated quickly because of alliances.Serbia – war escalated quickly because of alliances.
The Point of No Return:The Point of No Return:
The Assassination of Archduke Franz The Assassination of Archduke Franz FerdinandFerdinand
Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia
Germany pledged their support for Austria –Germany pledged their support for Austria –HungaryHungary
(Triple Alliance)(Triple Alliance)
Serbia asked Russia for help and they prepared Serbia asked Russia for help and they prepared for warfor war
France got ready to help Russia France got ready to help Russia (Triple Entente) (Triple Entente)
The Point of No Return:The Point of No Return:
The Assassination of Archduke Franz The Assassination of Archduke Franz FerdinandFerdinand
Germany declares war on Russia Germany declares war on Russia (felt danger in the middle of France and Russia who were preparing (felt danger in the middle of France and Russia who were preparing
for war) for war)
Germany declares war on France Germany declares war on France
Germany invades Belgium on the way to FranceGermany invades Belgium on the way to France
Great Britain supports Belgium and Great Britain supports Belgium and declares war on Germanydeclares war on Germany
World War IWorld War IWorld War IWorld War I
Allied Powers – Allied Powers – Triple EntenteTriple EntenteAllied Powers – Allied Powers – Triple EntenteTriple Entente
Central Central PowersPowers- Triple - Triple
AllianceAlliance
Central Central PowersPowers- Triple - Triple
AllianceAllianceGreat Britain
France
Russia
Italy
Germany
Austria-Hungary
Ottoman Empire
Canada and Newfoundland Join Canada and Newfoundland Join InIn
• Once Britain declared war, Canada was at war. It was Once Britain declared war, Canada was at war. It was expected that everyone in the British Empire would expected that everyone in the British Empire would help out. help out.
• Almost all Canadians and Newfoundlanders supported Almost all Canadians and Newfoundlanders supported helping Britain in this instance and responded to the helping Britain in this instance and responded to the call for volunteers with great enthusiasm.call for volunteers with great enthusiasm.
• By Sept. 10, 1914 30,000 Canadian soldiers, 8000 By Sept. 10, 1914 30,000 Canadian soldiers, 8000 horses, and 1000 soldiers from Newfoundland were horses, and 1000 soldiers from Newfoundland were training for war.training for war.
• 4000 Aboriginals joined Canadian forces during war.4000 Aboriginals joined Canadian forces during war.
• Several thousand women became nurses and drivers.Several thousand women became nurses and drivers.
• More than 600,000 served by the end of 1918.More than 600,000 served by the end of 1918.
Regiments and BattalionsRegiments and Battalions
• Canadian army was called the Canadian Canadian army was called the Canadian Expeditionary Force (CEF).Expeditionary Force (CEF).
• Organized into Organized into battalions battalions of about 1000 of about 1000 soldiers often from the same area in Canada.soldiers often from the same area in Canada.
• 8585thth Battalion from NS – NS Highlanders. Battalion from NS – NS Highlanders.
• Soldiers were loyal to their battalion.Soldiers were loyal to their battalion.
Who Enlisted?Who Enlisted?
• Eligibility: Eligibility: – malemale– British citizens British citizens – In good healthIn good health– Between 18 and 45 years oldBetween 18 and 45 years old
• RULES OFTEN IGNOREDRULES OFTEN IGNORED
First Nations, Inuit, MétisFirst Nations, Inuit, Métis
• Considered British subjects for enlistment but not Considered British subjects for enlistment but not considered Canadian citizens to vote.considered Canadian citizens to vote.
• 1 in 3 enlisted – 33% of those eligible1 in 3 enlisted – 33% of those eligible
• Skilled marksman – gained respectSkilled marksman – gained respect
• Still faced discrimination by the government and Still faced discrimination by the government and military leaders.military leaders.
• After war, didn’t receive same veterans benefits as After war, didn’t receive same veterans benefits as others.others.
British-Canadian VolunteersBritish-Canadian Volunteers
• Largest number of volunteersLargest number of volunteers
• 1 in 3 enlisted or 31% of those eligible1 in 3 enlisted or 31% of those eligible
• British Canadians were the largest % of British Canadians were the largest % of the Canadian populationthe Canadian population
French Canadian VolunteersFrench Canadian Volunteers
• Weren’t as sure about Canadian participation Weren’t as sure about Canadian participation in war.in war.
• Government at first wouldn’t allow French Government at first wouldn’t allow French language battalions.language battalions.
• Also faced discrimination when enlisting.Also faced discrimination when enlisting. • Only 15% of eligible volunteers enlisted.Only 15% of eligible volunteers enlisted.
• Well known and well-respected regiment Well known and well-respected regiment known as the “Van Doos” was the Royal 22e known as the “Van Doos” was the Royal 22e Regiment.Regiment.
African CanadiansAfrican Canadians
• Racist policies made it impossible for them to Racist policies made it impossible for them to join CEF.join CEF.
• Considered an “insult” to white soldiers.Considered an “insult” to white soldiers.
• Allowed entrance to war if formed all black Allowed entrance to war if formed all black battalions still led by white commanders.battalions still led by white commanders.
• 1916 – All Black #2 Construction Battalion 1916 – All Black #2 Construction Battalion did logging and milling work.did logging and milling work.
• Made duckboards (floor sections from wood Made duckboards (floor sections from wood slats to transfer troops/supplies over the “sea slats to transfer troops/supplies over the “sea of mud” battlefields).of mud” battlefields).
Volunteers from Volunteers from Newfoundland Newfoundland
• 35% of all Newfoundland men between 35% of all Newfoundland men between the ages of 19 and 35 joined.the ages of 19 and 35 joined.
• Did similar work as the Number 2 Did similar work as the Number 2 Construction Battalion.Construction Battalion.
Advancing on the Enemy – Advancing on the Enemy – Weapons and Methods of WarWeapons and Methods of War• Soldiers went into war thinking they could force Germans out of Soldiers went into war thinking they could force Germans out of
Britain and France in a couple of months.Britain and France in a couple of months.
• Germans took control of strategic locations – easy to stop Germans took control of strategic locations – easy to stop others from passing through and hard to be attacked.others from passing through and hard to be attacked.
• Each side had a Each side had a front line – front line – edge of land taken so far.edge of land taken so far.
• No man’s land – space between two front lines, several km long No man’s land – space between two front lines, several km long and filled with barbed wire and landmines.and filled with barbed wire and landmines.
• Trenches dug to protect men on the front lines.Trenches dug to protect men on the front lines.
• Lived in trenches for weeks or months and then would take a Lived in trenches for weeks or months and then would take a break in field camps behind front lines.break in field camps behind front lines.
• Terrible conditions – wet, cold, filthy, crowded, disease spread Terrible conditions – wet, cold, filthy, crowded, disease spread quickly.quickly.
Western Western FrontFront – – over 400 over 400 miles of miles of trenches trenches across across Belgium Belgium and France and France
Most offenses Most offenses resulted in resulted in heavy casualties heavy casualties but gained little but gained little territory.territory.
Weapons and Methods of War – Weapons and Methods of War – cont’d cont’d
• Over the topOver the top – only way to take ground from the – only way to take ground from the enemy – enter no man’s land.enemy – enter no man’s land.
• Other side stays in trenches and shoots at enemy out Other side stays in trenches and shoots at enemy out in the open with heavy artillery and/or machine guns - in the open with heavy artillery and/or machine guns - kill hundreds in minutes.kill hundreds in minutes.
• Those on attack had light weapons such as rifles that Those on attack had light weapons such as rifles that were known for jamming when mud got in them – a were known for jamming when mud got in them – a lot!lot!
• Stalemate – neither side could easily advance on the Stalemate – neither side could easily advance on the other so the war was not over quickly.other so the war was not over quickly.
•Trench Warfare – type of fighting during World War I in which both sides dug trenches protected by mines and barbed wire
Trench WarfareTrench Warfare
Cross-section of a front-line trench Cross-section of a front-line trench
British trench, France, July 1916 British trench, France, July 1916 (during the Battle of the (during the Battle of the
Somme)Somme)
French soldiers firing over their own dead French soldiers firing over their own dead
An aerial An aerial photograph of the photograph of the opposing trenches opposing trenches and no-man's land and no-man's land in Artois, France, in Artois, France, July 22, 1917. July 22, 1917. German trenches German trenches are at the right are at the right and bottom, and bottom, British trenches British trenches are at the top left. are at the top left. The vertical line to The vertical line to the left of centre the left of centre indicates the indicates the course of a pre-course of a pre-war road.war road.
Trench RatsTrench Rats
"The rats were huge. They were so big they would eat a "The rats were huge. They were so big they would eat a wounded man if he couldn't defend himself." wounded man if he couldn't defend himself."
"I saw some rats running from under the dead men's "I saw some rats running from under the dead men's greatcoats, enormous rats, fat with human flesh. My heart greatcoats, enormous rats, fat with human flesh. My heart pounded as we edged towards one of the bodies. His helmet pounded as we edged towards one of the bodies. His helmet had rolled off. The man displayed a grimacing face, stripped had rolled off. The man displayed a grimacing face, stripped of flesh; the skull bare, the eyes devoured and from the of flesh; the skull bare, the eyes devoured and from the yawning mouth leapt a rat." yawning mouth leapt a rat."
• Many men killed in the trenches were buried Many men killed in the trenches were buried almost where they fell. These corpses, as well almost where they fell. These corpses, as well as the food scraps that littered the trenches, as the food scraps that littered the trenches, attracted rats. attracted rats. Quotes from soldiers fighting in the Quotes from soldiers fighting in the
trenches:trenches:
Officers walking through a flooded Officers walking through a flooded communication trenchcommunication trench.
A photograph of a man suffering from A photograph of a man suffering from trench foot. trench foot.
British Vickers machine gun crew, western front, World War I.
War in the AirWar in the Air•Germans developed fighter planes with built-in Germans developed fighter planes with built-in machine guns.machine guns.
•In 1917, the Allies developed one as well.In 1917, the Allies developed one as well.
•Dogfight: met in air to fight it out.Dogfight: met in air to fight it out.
The fight centered around two machines, which were The fight centered around two machines, which were maneuvering about each other like hostile eagles. maneuvering about each other like hostile eagles. Backwards and forwards, over the breathless trench Backwards and forwards, over the breathless trench lines they soared, each seeking to swoop upon the lines they soared, each seeking to swoop upon the other from higher ground. Finally, “our man” got the other from higher ground. Finally, “our man” got the advantage, opened his deadly machine-gun fire, and advantage, opened his deadly machine-gun fire, and sent his opponent blazing to the ground where he sent his opponent blazing to the ground where he landed with the sickening thud of a thunderbolt…landed with the sickening thud of a thunderbolt…
Mary f. Gaudet, ed., A Stretcher Handle: The World War I Journal and Poems of Pte. Frank Walker, 2000.Mary f. Gaudet, ed., A Stretcher Handle: The World War I Journal and Poems of Pte. Frank Walker, 2000.
War in the Air – cont’dWar in the Air – cont’d•Canada had no air force but flew with British Royal Air Canada had no air force but flew with British Royal Air
Force.Force.
•Proved to be best fighter pilots in war.Proved to be best fighter pilots in war.
•Black Flight: Canadian group of fighter pilots who Black Flight: Canadian group of fighter pilots who turned the war in the air against Germanyturned the war in the air against Germany
– June 6, 1917: shot down 10 German planes in 1 dayJune 6, 1917: shot down 10 German planes in 1 day
– Next 2 months, shot down 87 German planesNext 2 months, shot down 87 German planes
– Only 2 Allied planes were lostOnly 2 Allied planes were lost
War at SeaWar at Sea•Many Canadians joined the British Royal navy.Many Canadians joined the British Royal navy.•At home – new ships were being built and pleasure boats and At home – new ships were being built and pleasure boats and
merchant boats were being converted to help in war effort.merchant boats were being converted to help in war effort.•Main role – get supplies to England.Main role – get supplies to England.•German U-Boats: first small submarines that carried German U-Boats: first small submarines that carried
torpedoes.torpedoes.•1917 – Germany started sinking ANY ship, not just warships, 1917 – Germany started sinking ANY ship, not just warships,
approaching Britain.approaching Britain.•Approx. 1000 Allied ships were sunk in 4 months and Britain Approx. 1000 Allied ships were sunk in 4 months and Britain
needed supplies.needed supplies.•Allies came up with the idea of convoys of ships where supply Allies came up with the idea of convoys of ships where supply
ships sailed in groups and the other boats acted as guards.ships sailed in groups and the other boats acted as guards.•This made it harder for U-Boats to sneak up.This made it harder for U-Boats to sneak up.•System worked – supplies got in.System worked – supplies got in.
Into Battle: Into Battle: Second Battle of Second Battle of YpresYpres• First battle of Ypres was fought in 1914 First battle of Ypres was fought in 1914
before Canadian soldiers arrived.before Canadian soldiers arrived.
• In 1915, Canadian soldiers joined British and In 1915, Canadian soldiers joined British and French soldiers in a part of Belgium not yet French soldiers in a part of Belgium not yet invaded near the town of Ypres.invaded near the town of Ypres.
• Stalemate for 3 weeks.Stalemate for 3 weeks.
• First time gas was used – thick, green, deadly First time gas was used – thick, green, deadly gas caused the French part of the line to gas caused the French part of the line to collapse and Germans advanced a little.collapse and Germans advanced a little.
• Thousands of Canadians died trying to close Thousands of Canadians died trying to close up the line but the survivors held on for the up the line but the survivors held on for the next day and night.next day and night.
Into Battle: Into Battle: Second Battle of Ypres Second Battle of Ypres cont’dcont’d
• Germans made another gas attack directly on the Germans made another gas attack directly on the Canadians.Canadians.
• Soldiers held ground by gasping for breath Soldiers held ground by gasping for breath through handkerchiefs soaked in mud or urine.through handkerchiefs soaked in mud or urine.
• Held line for 16 daysHeld line for 16 days..
• Allied commanders congratulated the Canadian Allied commanders congratulated the Canadian prime minister on Canada’s excellent soldiers.prime minister on Canada’s excellent soldiers.
• 6035 Canadians died in two days – still 6035 Canadians died in two days – still considered a success.considered a success.
Soldiers digging trenches while Soldiers digging trenches while
protected against gas attacksprotected against gas attacks
'Gassed'. Painting by John Singer Sargent, 'Gassed'. Painting by John Singer Sargent, 1918/1919.1918/1919.
Ypres cont’dYpres cont’d
““In Flanders fields the poppies blow In Flanders fields the poppies blow Between the crosses, row on row Between the crosses, row on row
That mark our place; and in the sky That mark our place; and in the sky The larks, still bravely singing, fly The larks, still bravely singing, fly
Scarce heard amid the guns below. Scarce heard amid the guns below.
We are the Dead. Short days ago We are the Dead. Short days ago We lived, felt dawn, saw sunset glow, We lived, felt dawn, saw sunset glow,
Loved and were loved, and now we Loved and were loved, and now we lie lie
In Flanders fields. In Flanders fields.
Take up our quarrel with the foe: Take up our quarrel with the foe: To you from failing hands we throw To you from failing hands we throw The torch; be yours to hold it high. The torch; be yours to hold it high.
If ye break faith with us who die If ye break faith with us who die We shall not sleep, though poppies We shall not sleep, though poppies
grow grow In Flanders fields.”In Flanders fields.”
•““In Flanders Field” written by Canadian, John McCrae In Flanders Field” written by Canadian, John McCrae – doctor with army at Ypres.– doctor with army at Ypres.
The Battle of the SommeThe Battle of the Somme
• Learning from Ypres, soldiers now had gas masks Learning from Ypres, soldiers now had gas masks and steel helmets.and steel helmets.
• In 1916, the Allied commanders planned an In 1916, the Allied commanders planned an attack to break through the German lines around attack to break through the German lines around the Somme River in Northern France and end a the Somme River in Northern France and end a stalemate that existed in the trenches in Europe. stalemate that existed in the trenches in Europe.
• France was caught in another battle so the British France was caught in another battle so the British and Canadian forces had to make the big attack and Canadian forces had to make the big attack on their own.on their own.
• The Germans were well forewarned of the attack The Germans were well forewarned of the attack and ready to defend their line.and ready to defend their line.
The Battle of the Somme The Battle of the Somme cont’dcont’d• On the morning of July 1, 1916, 100,000 Allied On the morning of July 1, 1916, 100,000 Allied
troops came out of their trenches and advanced troops came out of their trenches and advanced in broad daylight toward the German lines.in broad daylight toward the German lines.
• The soldiers staggered under the weight of 66 The soldiers staggered under the weight of 66
pounds of gear as they walked across a crater-pounds of gear as they walked across a crater-filled "No Man's Land" in long orderly lines.filled "No Man's Land" in long orderly lines.
• The Allied soldiers were easy targets for the The Allied soldiers were easy targets for the Germans who mowed them down with machine Germans who mowed them down with machine gun fire. More than 20,000 allied soldiers lost gun fire. More than 20,000 allied soldiers lost their lives that day.their lives that day.
• Near the town of Beaumont Hamel, Near the town of Beaumont Hamel, Newfoundland regiment almost wiped out.Newfoundland regiment almost wiped out.
• 801 went into battle, 68 could answer roll call the 801 went into battle, 68 could answer roll call the next day.next day.
The Battle of the Somme The Battle of the Somme cont’dcont’d• Battle continued and the strategy did not Battle continued and the strategy did not
change even after the loss of life in the change even after the loss of life in the beginning assault – men to push forward into beginning assault – men to push forward into no man’s land.no man’s land.
• Tanks now invented but useless due to mud.Tanks now invented but useless due to mud.• Battle went on for 141 days.Battle went on for 141 days.• Allies advanced the front only 11km.Allies advanced the front only 11km.• In total, 200,000 Allied soldiers were killed In total, 200,000 Allied soldiers were killed
and approx. 8000 Canadians.and approx. 8000 Canadians.• Approx. 200,000 Central Powers soldiers Approx. 200,000 Central Powers soldiers
were also killed.were also killed.• Canadians recognized by British for bravery.Canadians recognized by British for bravery.
The Battle of Vimy RidgeThe Battle of Vimy Ridge• Early 1917 – Allies decide to try and push Early 1917 – Allies decide to try and push
through the Western Front again with a through the Western Front again with a major attack.major attack.
• First time all Canadian battalions fought First time all Canadian battalions fought together in one place as they were to take together in one place as they were to take over Vimy Ridge in northern France.over Vimy Ridge in northern France.
• Vimy Ridge: hill Germans built up to be Vimy Ridge: hill Germans built up to be well-protected and well-supplied.well-protected and well-supplied.– Network of trenches, tunnels protected by Network of trenches, tunnels protected by
barbed wire, machine guns on ridge, electric barbed wire, machine guns on ridge, electric lights, and a small railway to bring in supplies.lights, and a small railway to bring in supplies.
The Battle of Vimy Ridge The Battle of Vimy Ridge cont’dcont’d• British and French troops tried to take Vimy British and French troops tried to take Vimy
before but failed.before but failed.
• Wanted to avoid direct attack disaster of the Wanted to avoid direct attack disaster of the Somme.Somme.
• Built model of Ridge to practice battle plan.Built model of Ridge to practice battle plan.
• Made a surprise attack on April 9, 1917 in a Made a surprise attack on April 9, 1917 in a blinding sleet storm surprising Germans in their blinding sleet storm surprising Germans in their trenches.trenches.
• Ridge taken in a few hours.Ridge taken in a few hours.
• More ground, guns, and German prisoners taken More ground, guns, and German prisoners taken in this one day than in all earlier years of the war.in this one day than in all earlier years of the war.
• 3598 Canadian soldiers killed and approx. 6000 3598 Canadian soldiers killed and approx. 6000 wounded.wounded.
The Battle of Vimy RidgeThe Battle of Vimy Ridge
Retuning Retuning from the from the victory at victory at Vimy Ridge. Vimy Ridge.
Why do Why do many many historians historians say this was say this was the most the most important important battle for battle for Canada in Canada in the First the First World War?World War?
