28
Chapter 15 Part 3 The 30 Years’ War A Big Deal

Chapter 15 Part 3 The 30 Years’ War A Big Deal. Background Philip II (Spain) rebuilding his fleet Philip II (Spain) rebuilding his fleet Henry IV (France)

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Chapter 15Part 3

The 30 Years’ WarA Big Deal

Background

Philip II (Spain) rebuilding his fleet Henry IV (France) Reconstruction of

France Elizabeth I (England) Savoring the

Spanish defeat The Dutch Recovering and building

trading empire…Beginning of their Golden Age

Remember 1555 Peace of Augsburg

Made no provision for Calvinists Undermined the authority of the

HRE in Lutheran states

Over time, Other Problems

Lutherans continued to make gains in other German states (in violation of the Peace of Augsburg)

Jesuits having some success converting Lutherans back to Catholicism

Calvinists began to convert German Princes

Lutherans feared being overwhelmed by Catholics and Calvinists

Lutherans and Catholics

Were determined to stop the advances of the other

1608 Lutherans formed the Protestant League

1609 Catholics formed the Catholic League

In the Meantime…

Charles V had abdicated and died Had divided the Hapsburg family

into two branches

Philip II (son): Spain, Spanish Netherlands, American colonies, Italian Provinces

Ferdinand I (brother): Imperial title (HRE) and central Europe (Austria, etc)

Ferdinand I’s grandson, Matthias

Had no direct heir so cousin, Ferdinand of Styria (II) got the title in 1619

In 1617 Ferdinand of Styria was elected King of Bohemia

Also gained jurisdiction over Silesia and Moravia

Groups in Bohemia

Catholics and Lutherans, and Calvinists, and Hussites

Were Bohemian and German

Ferdinand made a move to close Protestant Churches in Bohemia

The Defenestration of Prague

May 1618 Protestants threw 2 of Ferdinand’s officials out a castle window

A 70 foot drop! But survived! A miracle…Catholics said they were

saved by angels Protestants said they survived

because they fell into a huge pile of manure

Thus began the 30 Years’ War

Most important war in the 17th Century

Four Phases: Bohemian Danish Swedish International (French and others)

Bohemian Phase 1618-1625

Civil War Catholic League led by Ferdinand of

Styria Protestant Union led by Frederick of

the Palatinate

Bohemians wanted religious freedom and independence from Hapsburg rule

1618

Bohemians deposed Ferdinand and gave crown to Frederick

1620 The Battle of White Mountain: Frederick was defeated by Catholic forces

Within 10 years Protestantism was wiped out of Bohemia, Forced conversions…Jesuits involved

Phase II Danish Phase 1625-1629

Albert of Wallenstein led Catholic Imperial Army

Protestant League led by inept King Christian IV of Denmark

Wallenstein kicked butt BUT Hapsburgs came to rely too much on

him Wallenstein’s army was loyal to

HIM…not Hapsburgs

Wallenstein

Kept the territory he conquered for himself and his men

Caused clash with Hapsburgs Catholic forces became divided Danes lost anyway

1629 Ferdinand of Styria issued…

The Edict of Restitution

All Catholic properties lost since 1552 to be restored

Think…Peace of Augsburg 1555!

Wallenstein ruthlessly enforced edict

Phase III Swedish Phase 1630-35

Swedish King Gustavus Adolphus very capable

Controlled Sweden, Denmark, Poland, Finland, Baltic States…was Lutheran

Came to Germany: To aid family members (Dukes of

Mecklenburg) who had been exiled To aid oppressed Protestants

France entered unofficially

Louis XIII and minister Richelieu sent aid to Adolphus

NOTE: no longer a religious war since France entered on the side of Lutherans (again)

NOTE: Again religion took a back seat to politics…keep Germany divided

Victories for Swedes:

Battle of Breitenfeld Battle at Lutzen

BUT Adolphus was killed at Lutzen Swedes lost in 1634 Battle of

Nordling

Hapsburgs hoped to unite all German states under Hapsburg control….

Phase IV The International Phase

1635-48 Enter the French But this time Hapsburgs v Bourbons

Also others: Dutch, Swedes, Scots, Fins, German mercenaries (note: Calvinists, too)

Germany was trashed

The war lasted so long

Because nether side had the resources to win a quick victory

Many treaties involved Were combined into one big one…

The Peace of Westphalia

Was a turning point in European political, religious, and social history

30 Year’s War was the last religious war Recognition of over 300 sovereign

German States… HRE titular power only Pope had NO authority New Peace of Augsburg…included

Calvinists

The Peace of Westphalia

All acknowledged independence of the United Provinces of the Netherlands

Switzerland gained independence France gained prestige and

territory: Alsace Sweden: cash and jurisdiction over

German territory along Baltic Sea International status to Brandenburg

(Prussia)

Germany

The 30 Year’s War was the most destructive event in Germany until the wars of the 20th Century

½ of urbanites and 2/5 of rural Germans perished

Entire areas were depopulated

Germany

Thousands of refugees Disease: typhus, dysentery, plague,

syphilis

Late 16th early 17th Centuries

an economic crisis in all of Europe Inflation due to silver coming in from

S. America Problems worse in Germany than

anywhere else Losses in agriculture, livestock,

trade

Transportation routes had shifted during the war

Population decrease

Caused labor to be more costly Nobles bought up small landholdings

and created large estates

Some areas saw the rise of new serfdom

The Question:

Compare the sixteenth-century Hapsburg-Valois struggle and treaty to the seventeenth-century conflict between the Hapsburgs and the Bourbons and that treaty. In what ways were they different? In what ways were they alike?