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Chapter 15 Part 2. Wars of Religion. France. By late 15 th Century: Galician Church Royal Council End to serfdom Cash rents replaced Feudal obligations = decrease in buying power of the Nobility. France. New land was cultivated Divided among sons = many very small landholdings - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Chapter 15Part 2
Wars of Religion
France By late 15th Century: Galician Church Royal Council End to serfdom
Cash rents replaced Feudal obligations= Decrease in buying power of the Nobility
France New land was cultivated Divided among sons = many very
small landholdings
Nobility of the Robe had real power Baillis: had fiscal authority Senechals: had judicial authority
Francis I 1515-1545 All of France under the jurisdiction
of Royal Court Laws Made French the official language =
centralizing effect
Taille: New tax on land Supported monarchy and army BUT small tax base …nobles not
taxed …Sword OR Robe
Francis I needed more $ For Hapsburg-Valois Wars and to
patronize the arts
So…Francis I Increased Taxes Increased Borrowing Sold Public Offices (hereditary)… one
trick pony More Nobility of the Robe not paying
taxes Concordat of Bologna = revenue for the
state
Church abuses continued Promotions based on service to the
state…not to parishioners
No incentive for clergy to meet intellectual or moral standards
Enter Luther, Calvin
Calvin’s Institutes Published in French Printing Press = wide influence
Converts: all classes: reform-minded clergy, middle class, artisans and peasants
But Nobility disproportionately
Nobles divided between monarchists (royalists) and antimonarchists
Increase in # of Protestants despite:
Government bans University condemnations Burnings (alive) Cutting out of tongues for preaching
Calvinism
By 1559 40 + well-organized Calvinist Churches 1/10 of population in France was
Huguenot Most in urban areas
Belief that a country could not survive if divided by religion: so other religions considered enemies of the state
Religious differences motivated ordinary people to participate in war
16th and 17th Century Wars were Different
Much Bigger armies More expensive Gunpowder and Canon Even Peasants could kill gentlemen War was no longer ennobling Propaganda from the pulpit and the
printing press
Religious wars in France Cathollics will continue to try to
reconvert Protestants will continue to try to
destroy the Catholic Church
Henry II (1545-1559) Married Catherine de Medici Was a decent king BUT no consistent
religious policy Used marriages to heal conflict
Henry II Daughter Elizabeth to marry Philip II
to satisfy the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis (ended the Hapsburg-Valois War)
Daughter Margaret to marry Henry of Navarre (a Huguenot) Hoping to end religious strife in France
Henry’s Death June 30, 1559 Henry was
celebrating the wedding by proxy of his daughter, Elizabeth to Philip II
Arranged a 3-Day Tournament.
Henry had been warned by court astronomer-physician (Nostradamus) not to engage in jousts or in single combat
The Quatrain The Lion shall overcome the old On the field of war in a single
combat He will pierce his eyes in a cage of
gold This is the first of two lappings, then
he dies a cruel death
Henry insisted He engaged in a joust with Comte de
Montgomery (Captain of the Scottish Guard)
Henry II was mortally wounded Montgomery was a bit younger than
Henry II Both had Lions on their shields Montgomery’s wooden lance pierced
the king’s headgear (a gold helmet)
The Death of Henry II The lance fragmented One piece pierced Henry’s eye and
penetrated his temple
Then Henry appeared about to fall but did not
He dismounted, lost consciousness and regained it and ascended the steps to his chamber
Henry II lingered for 10 days
Catherine had 4 convicts wounded in a like manner
Had Montgomery killed Nostradamus feared for his life
Henry’s first son Francis II died in 1560
Henry’s second son Charles IX died in 1574 (TB)
Henry’s third son, Henry III…debauchery!
Catherine de Medici ruled through her sons
The night before Margaret’s wedding to Henry of Navarre
The marriage was to heal religious conflict
Many Huguenots were in attendance
Then Henry of Guise (leading Catholic) had the leading Huguenot (Admiral de Coligny) attacked!
All Hell broke loose! Catherine de Medici ordered the
Huguenots killed in the
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
August 24- October 3: 12.000 Huguenots were massacred
Led to The War of the Three Henrys
15 year war
Henry of Navarre (Huguenot) Henry of Guise (leading Catholic) Henry III (king) but respected by no
one
Catherine died Henry III summoned Henry of Guise
to court and had him killed
Then Henry III was killed
Henry of Navarre was left “He knew how to fight, how to make
love, and how to drink.”
Married Margaret and Converted
“Paris is worth a mass.” Was a politique
1598 issued The Edict of Nantes: Allowed Huguenots freedom of worship and the right to have fortified cities
Restored peace
Henry IV Began Bourbon Dynasty and tried to
keep peace Worked closely with his minister Sully Will build roads, canals, bridges, tree-
lined highways to encourage merchants to come to France
Added the Grand Gallery to the Louvre to promote the arts
Many artists of all classes lived and worked in the Louvre’s lower floor
Continued until Napoleon ended it
The Long 16th Century Population way up Middle class conformity Bourgeoisie
Henry IV was killed in his carriage by a deranged monk
Said, “ God willing every working man in my kingdom will have a chicken in every pot every Sunday at the very least.”
Walloons Protestants (Calvinists) in Southern
Belgium Spoke a dialect of French Radically different than Flemish Into mining and heavy industry Migrated to Calais Then Calais fell to French French brought the Inquisition Walloons fled to Netherlands,
England, Ireland