Chapter 15 Lecture 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Sexually Transmitted Infections 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Learning Objectives Discuss the progressive stages of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and explain why preventing AIDS is essential Describe how the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is transmitted from individual to individual Outline how the following STIs are transmitted from individual to individual: trichomoniasis, chlamydia, hepatitis B, gonorrhea, venereal warts, genital herpes, and syphilis List and outline the symptoms and treatments of the most common sexually transmitted infections in the United States Identify the guidelines to reduce your risk of acquiring sexually transmitted infections 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. What Are Sexually Transmitted Infections? Infections passed to others through vaginal, oral, or anal sex Caused by viruses, bacteria, or parasites STIs caused by bacteria or parasites can be treated; those caused by viruses remain for life STIs can cause infertility, pregnancy complications, cancer, and/or death STIs can be passed on even when no outward symptoms are present Described as "silent" diseases because early symptoms are often ignored and untreated One in four Americans will contract at least one STI in their lifetime Younger people are at highest risk for contracting STIs Complete Lab 15.1: Attitudes & Behaviors toward STIs 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Common STIs in the United States 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. HIV/AIDS Caused by a virus that damages the immune system: no cure Acquiring the HIV virus leads to developing AIDS 1.2 million people in the United States and over 33 million people worldwide are currently infected with HIV Anyone can get HIV/AIDS; it is not limited to any group Stages of HIV Infection First ("silent") stage no physical symptoms Second stage: symptomatic infection symptoms emerge including fatigue, fever, weight loss, swollen lymph nodes, and sore throat Third (final) stage: AIDS includes symptoms from second phase plus pneumonia or certain types of cancer (Kaposi's sarcoma) can include brain damage and tumors 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Race/Ethnicity and HIV/AIDS 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. AIDS Developmental Stages 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. HIV Transmission Must Enter Bloodstream Most common modes Vaginal/anal intercourse with no condom Sharing needles: drug use, tattoos, piercing Mother to fetus Blood passage through membranes and/or cuts, punctures, open wounds, or blood transfusions HIV Cannot Be Transmitted Via Casual contact with HIV-infected individuals Contact with inanimate objects Sports participation Saliva Swimming pools, hot tubs, or whirlpools Contact with animals Insect bites 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Sexual Transmission of HIV/AIDS 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Hepatitis B (HBV) A virus that causes liver disease Transmitted via contact with infected blood, blood products, semen, vaginal secretions, and saliva People at risk include those who share an infected person's items (razors, toothbrushes), are intravenous drug users, handle human fluids Symptoms include jaundice, reduced appetite, nausea, vomiting, stomach and/or joint pain, chronic fatigue Diagnosis and treatment Diagnosed by a blood test No cure for HBV 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Human Papillomaviris (Genital Warts) Most common cause of STIs in the United States, and world Extremely high rates of infection in college students HPV increases the risk of uterine and cervical cancer Symptoms None or genital warts Treatment Cryosurgery, laser surgery, or excision of warts Most infections disappear without medical treatment HPV vaccine 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. ABC News: Will Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Become Mandatory? Discussion Questions 1.Do you agree with this proposed law? 2.How would you explain this vaccine to your 11- or 12-year-old daughter? 3.What are opponents of making this vaccine mandatory concerned about? Do you agree or disagree? 4.Do you think vaccination should be mandatory or left as a choice by parents? Play Video Play Video 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Genital Herpes Caused by herpes simplex virus Type I (HSV-1) infections above the waist (lips or mouth) Type II (HSV-2) infections below the waist (genital lesions) Symptoms Sores, fever, swollen glands Disappear and reappear without warning Treatment No cure for herpes virus 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Chlamydia Most common bacterial STI among heterosexual people worldwide Twenty percent of all college students are infected Symptoms 721 days after infection unusual vaginal/penile discharge, burning while urinating, vaginal bleeding between periods Later symptoms lower back and abdominal pain, pain during intercourse, low- grade fever, pain and swelling of the testicles Diagnosis and treatment Diagnosed by blood test or pap smear Cured by antibiotics Can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility if untreated 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Chlamydia Rates in Women 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Gonorrhea Second most common bacterial STI Also commonly known as "the clap" Symptoms Milky discharge from penis and painful urination Only 20% of women develop symptoms Diagnosis and treatment Diagnosed by tissue culture of vaginal/penile discharge Cured with appropriate medication If untreated, may result in sterility 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Gonorrhea Rates in the United States 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Syphilis Caused by bacterial infection Symptoms Four stages primary syphilischancre secondary syphilisskin rash, white patches latent syphilisfew symptoms tertiary syphilisresults in heart damage, blindness, deafness, paralysis, and mental disorders Diagnosis and treatment Diagnosed with a blood test Cured by antibiotics 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Other STIs Trichomoniasis Symptoms yellow-green discharge with strong odor, irritation, and/or burning sensation Diagnosis simple medical test Treatment metronidazole Pubic Lice ("crabs") Seen as brown spots on pubic hairs and surrounding skin Eliminated by over-the-counter and prescription skin medications 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Other STIs (cont.) Scabies Tiny mite that infects the skin between the fingers, on the wrist, under the breast, and the pubic area Diagnosed by scraping the infected area and performed a microscopic test Treated with topical medications Candidiasis Fungal infection Can infect the vagina, mouth, and throat Treated with anti-fungal medications See Steps for Behavior Change Are You at Increased Risk for STI? 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Reducing STI Risk Protective Measures Abstinence Limiting your number of sexual partners Using male latex condoms Using female condoms Discussing STIs with sexual partners Avoiding drugs and alcohol If you suspect exposure to STIs, contact your physician immediately for screening Other Protective Measures Inspect yourself and your partner for signs of STIs Do not share needles, scissors, or razors Do not handle towels, wet bedding, or underclothing that has been in contact with a person with an STI Avoid using spermicides with nonoxynal-9 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Adults around the world living with HIV in 2009 STI Worldwide Problem 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Summary Millions of people in the United States are infected by one or more STIs every year The most common STIs include HIV/AIDS, hepatitis B, human papillomavirus, genital herpes, chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, trichomoniasis, pubic lice, and scabies AIDS is a fatal disease that develops from infection caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) STIs caused by viruses, such as hepatitis B, genital wars/human papillomaviruses, and herpes, are not curable and will reside in the body of the host for life Chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis are STIs caused by bacterial infections and can be treated successfully with antibiotics Avoid STIs by abstaining from sex and/or following "safe sex" guidelines including limiting your number of sexual partners, using condoms, and avoiding high-risk behaviors, including drug and alcohol abuse Chapter 15 Lecture 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Addiction and Substance Abuse 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Learning Objectives Define substance abuse and addiction Outline the acute effects of alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine on the body List several guidelines that can be used to maintain control over alcohol use Outline the behavioral and physiological effects of alcohol as a function of the level of alcohol in the blood Discuss the long-term health consequences of alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine use Describe the addictive properties of tobacco and the impact of prolonged tobacco use on health Describe the acute effects of caffeine on the body Outline products that contain caffeine and list the pros and cons of caffeine use Identify ways to reduce your risk of drug use 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. What Is Addiction? Habitual psychological/physical dependence on substance/practice beyond voluntary control Associated with the traits of Reinforcement leading to craving Loss of control Escalation Negative outcomes Denial 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. What Is Addiction? (cont.) Addiction can involve a substance and/or behavior Substances: drugs, alcohol, tobacco Behaviors: gambling, Internet usage, pornography, sex, gaming, eating, shoplifting, or exercising Addiction can be physical and/or psychological Chemical dependence Withdrawal symptoms Tolerance 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. ABC News: Treating Addictions with Virtual Reality Play Video Play Video 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. ABC News: Hidden Addictions Play Video Play Video 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Causes of Addiction Numerous Potential Causes Types of drug used Genetics Brain chemistry Psychological makeup Social factors Personality characteristics Heredity 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Substance Abuse Use of illegal or inappropriate use of legal drugs to produce pleasure, to alleviate stress, or to alter/avoid reality Drug use interferes with other areas of one's life, such as grades, work, relationships, or legal issues Commonly Abused Substances Alcohol Illicit drugs, including marijuana, cocaine, heroin hallucinogens inhalants tranquilizers stimulants sedatives 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Psychoactive Drugs User experiences altered state of consciousness Examples Marijuana (stimulant) Cocaine (powerful stimulant) "Club drugs" Ecstasy, LSD, GHB, methamphetamine (addictive stimulant) Prescription drugs OxyContin Over-the-counter drugscough suppressants and expectorants 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Health Effects of Psychoactive Drugs Long-term marijuana use Psychological dependence/lung damage Long-term cocaine use Cardiovascular effects, respiratory effects, neurological effects, GI problems Long-term methamphetamine use Paranoia, aggressiveness, extreme anorexia, memory loss, hallucinations, delusions, and dental problems Drug use/abuse by pregnant women = serious health effects on developing fetus 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. ABC News: Campus Drug Dealers Play Video Play Video 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. ABC News: Eliminating Meth Discussion Questions 1.Do you think the young couple had a history of meth abuse? 2.How did crystal meth abuse interfere with the man getting the help he needed? 3.Do you find the anti-meth ads effective? 4.Are there better ideas to curb meth use than with shock ads? 5.Could this type of ad be effective against other drugs? What might be the drawbacks to using the same format? Play Video Play Video 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. ABC News: Heroin in Suburbia Play Video Play Video 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Alcohol Most widely used recreational drug in United States and most popular on college campuses 63% of college students use alcohol and 31% abuse it Central nervous system depressant Impaired vision, slowed reaction time, impaired motor coordination Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) determines extent of central nervous system depression BAC determined by amount of alcohol consumed, and rate alcohol metabolized by body 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. BAC Chart 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Ethyl alcohol is the psychoactive ingredient in all alcoholic beverages. A standard drink is defined as a 12-ounce beer, a 1.5-ounce cocktail drink, or a 5-ounce glass of wine. Each of these contains approximately 0.6 ounce of ethyl alcohol. Standard Alcoholic Drink Sizes 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Alcohol Abuse/Addiction Alcohol Abuse Four criteria of abuse Alcohol use in hazardous situations Alcohol-related school problems Recurrent interpersonal problems Recurrent legal problems Alcohol Addiction (alcoholism) Alcohol dependence Involves craving alcohol/not being able to control impulse to drink Binge drinking 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Effects of Alcohol Abuse Liver disease (e.g., cirrhosis) = liver failure/death Damage to central nervous system = brain damage Increased risk for cancers of the esophagus, pancreas, stomach, mouth, tongue, and liver During pregnancy can cause fetal alcohol syndrome/other birth defects Physical, behavioral, and learning problems See Lab 16.1: Alcohol Abuse Inventory 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. ABC News: Spring Break Nightmare Discussion Questions 1.Why do you think female college students in particular drink more during Spring Break than at other times of the year? 2.What are some smart choices to make to protect yourself during Spring Break? Play Video Play Video 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Tobacco Contains nicotine: most heavily used addictive drug in United States Cigarettes, cigars, smokeless tobacco, and pipe tobacco Nicotine addiction Provides immediate "psychological kick" Causes withdrawal symptoms Secondhand smoke contains toxic chemicals Health Effects of Tobacco Use Tobacco smoking: leading cause of death in United States, accounting for one in five deaths per year Increases cancer risk: lung, larynx, esophagus, pancreas, bladder, and kidney Woman smokers: likely to lose baby during pregnancy and/or to have low birth weight babies See Lab 16.2: Tobacco Usage Inventory 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. ABC News: Smash the Ash Discussion Questions 1.What are the biggest deterrents to smoking? 2.Do antismoking ads reinforce smoking habits? 3.Is seeing the different lungs (a healthy lung, a smoker's lung, a lung with cancer) effective? 4.Why do people quit smoking? Is there any way you can help a friend or family member quit? Play Video Play Video 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. ABC News: Secondhand Smoke Play Video Play Video 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Caffeine Substance in coffee, tea, soft drinks, chocolate, and certain medications Stimulates central nervous system (CNS) within 15 minutes Moderate doses (24 cups of coffee) increases alertness/provide an energy boost Large doses = restlessness and irritability insomnia, headaches, and abnormal heart rhythms Creates psychological dependence Withdrawal symptoms = headache, muscle pain, and fatigue 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Anabolic Steroids Synthetic male sex hormones (e.g. testosterone) Available by prescription (tablet or ointment) Health Effects Psychological effects: aggressiveness, uncontrolled bouts of anger ("roid rage"), depression Liver cysts and cancer Increased blood cholesterol, increased blood clotting Hypertension, reduced sperm count, testicular shrinkage, impotence Irreversible breast enlargement in men, and development of masculine characteristics in women 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Drug Abuse Avoidance Strategies Find productive ways to increase self-esteem Learn and practice stress-coping techniques Develop varied interests Practice assertiveness 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Summary Alcohol, nicotine (tobacco products), marijuana, and cocaine are the most widely used and abused drugs in the United States Alcohol is the single most common recreational drug used in the United States Use of alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine increases your risk of accidents, and prolonged use may result in psychological dependence, physical addiction, and damaged health 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Summary (cont.) Tobacco use can lead to an addiction to nicotine and prolonged use leads to increased risk of heart attack, stroke, and cancer Caffeine is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant found in common foods and beverages. It is currently unclear whether chronic consumption is a significant health risk Long-term use of anabolic steroids can cause psychological and physiological side effects Decrease your risk of abusing drugs by increasing your self-esteem, learning how to cope with stress, developing numerous interests, and practicing assertiveness