Chapter 15:

Marine Animals

The wingspan of the albatross

can be up to 12 feet.

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Learning Goals:

Chapter 15

Next Monday, I will ask you to report what you

think the major points should be, about marine

animals.

This will count as an in-class activity, for

course credit.

Think about this today!

Today’s in-class activity:

“Plankton, Nekton, or Benthos?”2

Animals

needed

oxygen in

order to

evolve.

What were

the first

organisms to

produce

oxygen?

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Trilobite – arrived 500

million years ago.

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What do you notice?

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Note: the correct plural form of octopus is “octopuses”7

Definition of Phylum

A group of organisms that shares similar

structure, level of complexity, and

evolutionary history

Humuhumunukunukuapua'a

Phylum: Chordata

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Porifera (hole-bearing) – sponges (suspension feeders).

Phylum Porifera

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Cnidaria (nettles) – contains

cnidoblasts used to entangle or

injure prey.

Phylum Cnidaria

Cnidoblasts contain capsules that can

forcibly eject coiled threads. Some

threads entangle prey, but each

cnidoblast of the sea anemone

Rhodactis, shown here, consists of a

penetrating barb with hollow tubing

connecting to a poison sac. Batteries

of such cells form the armament of

jellies, sea anemones, and other

cnidarians.

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A sea wasp (Chironix), one of the most

dangerous jellies. An inhabitant of tropical

waters from Africa to northeastern

Australia, it can kill a human within three

minutes. The tentacles of a large specimen

can be 15 meters (50 feet) long. Chironix

has probably been responsible for more

human deaths than sharks have. 11

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Jellies:

Plankton,

Nekton, or

Benthos?

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Anemone - Cnidarian 14

Corals have symbiotic relationship with

zooxanthellae, which are a type of

dinoflagellate.

Corals provide safe environment,

source of CO2 & nutrients.

Phylum Cnidaria

includes corals.

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Zooxanthellae provide corals with oxygen,

carbohydrates and

alkaline pH to enhance CaCO3 deposits.16

All of this stuff:

Plankton, Nekton, or Benthos?

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Phylum: Platyhelminthes (flatworms), bilateral symmetry

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Phylum: Nematoda(roundworm)

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Phylum Annelida (segmented worm)

Plankton,

Nekton, or

Benthos?

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Phylum Annelida: includes featherduster worms

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Mollusca (soft-bodied):

1) Gastropoda (snails)

2) Bivalvia (clams,

oysters and mussels)

3) Cephalopoda

(nautiluses, octopuses

& squids)

Phylum

Mollusca

Plankton,

Nekton, or

Benthos?22

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Nudibranch (shell-less gastropod)

A brightly colored reef nudibranch (Ancula pacifica) searches for food. The brilliant

gill-like structures on its back assist in gas exchange. Although the nudibranch is

usually in plain sight, its terrible taste seems to discourage animals from eating it.24

Giant Clam: Plankton, Nekton, or Benthos?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jxXmh7Q4mv4&nohtml5=False26

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iqHuTElRwmo&nohtml5=False

Octopus: Plankton, Nekton, or Benthos?

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251

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Octopuses are highly intelligent.

Inky on NPR, 4/16/16: http://www.npr.org/2016/04/16/474412283/inky-the-

octopuss-great-escape

Octopus attack: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ar5WJrQik2o

Another octopus escape: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IvvjcQIJnLg

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Nautilus – Cephalopod

The nautilus is a member

of the only living cephalopod

group with an extermal shell.

Outer chamber = animal

Other chambers: filled with gas, for buoyancy

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QMFqV4SJLWg

Giant squid - cephalopod

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This first image ever captured of a living

giant squid. Japanese scientists took this

photograph off the Bonin Islands in 2004.

Each tentacle is 20 feet long!!

Habitat: 500-1000 meters below the surface (up to 3300 feet deep)31

Bonus Question

What is the fastest animal on the planet?

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/05/100512172444.htm

For more information:

Real time:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i1_yXJXnL9I

Background:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mc4UEUXLov0

It moves 500 body lengths per second!

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Arthropods (joint-footed):

Highest number of individuals and species

Phylum Arthropoda

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A Dungeness crab (Cancer magister)

backing out of the exoskeleton (right) that it

is abandoning.

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Clear of the old exoskeleton, the soft-

bodied crab takes in water and expands. It

immediately begins to secrete a new

exoskeleton. Note the obvious increase in

the animal’s size.

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Echinodermata -

(hedge-hog skin)

4 most familiar classes:

1) Asteroidea

(sea stars)

2) Ophiuroidea

(brittle stars)

3) Echinoidea

(sea urchins)

4) Holothuroidea

(sea cucumbers)

Phylum

Echinodermata

Plankton,

Nekton, or

Benthos?36

Brittle Star - Ophiuroidea

Brittle stars feed on edible particles in the

surface layer of sediments on the

continental slope off New England.

Brittle stars are among the most widely

distributed of all benthic animals.37

Sea Urchin

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A close-up of the five-part jaws

centered on the underside of a

sea urchin.

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Sea Cucumber

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Chordates (back chord) – possess

notochord (tubular dorsal nervous system)

and gill slits during embryonic development.

Came much later in evolutionary history.

Includes fish, reptiles, birds and mammals.

Phylum Chordata

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Tunicates are the most primitive chordate.

Humans are related to tunicates.

Feeding video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XJ97MYARN50 42

One proposed family tree for the

vertebrates and their relatives,

the invertebrate chordates.

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Updated Tree of Life, April 2016

http://www.nytimes.com/2016/

04/12/science/scientists-

unveil-new-tree-of-

life.html?_r=0

The researchers studied DNA

from 2,072 known species,

along with the DNA from 1,011

species newly discovered by Dr.

Banfield and her colleagues.

Dr. Jill

Banfield,

Lead author

(Nature

Microbiology)

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Bonus Question

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r0IQCLQDfKw

What is this?

Warning: Explicit Language!!!!!

(I will play it with the sound off)

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Fish have more species than all

other vertebrates combined.

They are the oldest vertebrates.Fish have adapted to drink

seawater and expel salt from

gills.

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3 common classes of fish:

1) Agnatha (Hagfish and Lampreys)

2) Chondricthyes (Sharks and Rays)

3) Osteichthyes (Bony fish)

Hagfish secrete a lot of slime.

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Genus

Species

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bta18FdkVcA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pmaal7Hf0WA

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Lamprey - Agnatha

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Rays – Chondrichthyes

A manta ray is sometimes called a devilfish

because of the cartilaginous protuberances

of the head, which are used to guide

plankton into the mouth.

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Sharks – Chondrichthyes. Each year 6 human beings are killed.

Consider this:

http://www.mnn.com/earth-

matters/animals/stories/11-

animals-more-likely-to-kill-

you-than-sharks

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Tiger shark

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Bull shark

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Hammerhead shark

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Mako shark

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Nurse shark

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Oceanic white tip shark

(and friends)

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100 million sharks are killed every year.

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Whale Shark –

plankton feeder

Largest Chondrichthyes

Plankton,

Nekton, or

Benthos?

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Osteichthyes – Bony fish

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Class Reptilia:

Includes sea turtles.

Only 8 species of turtles

worldwide.

5 species are found in

Florida.

Flattened front limbs,

strong homing instincts.

All are on endangered list.

Where can you see sea

turtles?

http://myfwc.com/education/wi

ldlife/sea-turtle/where-to-view/

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Bonus Question:

What are the five species of sea turtles

found in Florida, by common names?

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Bonus Question:

What are the five species of sea turtles

found in Florida, by common names?

HawksbillLeatherback

Green sea turtle

Loggerhead

Kemps’ Ridley

(rarest in the

world)

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Class: Aves

likely descendants from smaller dinosaurs

Use Sun and Earth’s magnetic field to navigate.

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Penguins (only in

Southern Hemisphere)

use wings to swim.

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Kingdom – Animalia

Phylum – Chordata

Class – Mammalia

Order - Primate

• All mammals are “warm-blooded” (endothermic).

Birds are also endothermic.

• Most young are born alive.

• Every mammal is a vertebrate.

• All mammals have lungs to breathe air.

• Mammals feed milk to their babies.

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Mammalia

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Kingdom – Animalia

Phylum – Chordata

Class – Mammalia

Order - Primate

Other orders:

1) Cetacea (porpoises, dolphins, whales)

2) Carnivora (seals, sea lions, walruses, otters)

3) Sirenia (manatees and dugongs)

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Cetaceans (whales)

Suborder: Mysticeti

(baleen whales)

Largest animal in the world

See:

The Scale of the Universe

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Cetaceans (whales)

Suborder: Ondontoceti

(toothed whales)

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Dolphins - Cetaceans

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Echolocation – use of high frequency sound to locate and stun prey.

Used by dolphins, porpoises and toothed-whales.

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Sea lion – carnivora

(flesh eating)

Order

Carnivora

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Elephant seals - Carnivora

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Sea otters - Carnivora

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Manatee –

Order Sirenia (mermaid)

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Dugong – Order Sirenia

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