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Chapter 15 Chapter 15 Government at Work: Government at Work: Bureaucracy Bureaucracy

Chapter 15 Government at Work: Bureaucracy. What is a Bureaucracy Bureaucracy: A large, complex administrative structure that handles the everyday business

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Chapter 15Chapter 15

Government at Work: Government at Work: BureaucracyBureaucracy

What is a BureaucracyWhat is a Bureaucracy

Bureaucracy: A large, complex Bureaucracy: A large, complex administrative structure that administrative structure that handles the everyday business of an handles the everyday business of an organization.organization.

What Is a What Is a Bureaucracy?Bureaucracy?

Three features distinguish bureaucracies:Three features distinguish bureaucracies:

Hierarchical authorityHierarchical authority.. Bureaucracies are Bureaucracies are based on a pyramid structure with a chain based on a pyramid structure with a chain of command running from top to bottom.of command running from top to bottom.Job specializationJob specialization.. Each Each bureaucratbureaucrat, or , or person who works for the organization, has person who works for the organization, has certain defined duties and responsibilities.certain defined duties and responsibilities.Formalized rulesFormalized rules.. The bureaucracy does its The bureaucracy does its work according to a set of established work according to a set of established regulations and procedures.regulations and procedures.

Major Elements of the Major Elements of the Federal BureaucracyFederal Bureaucracy

The federal bureaucracy is all of the agencies, The federal bureaucracy is all of the agencies, people, and procedures through which the people, and procedures through which the Federal Government operates.Federal Government operates.

The President is the chief administrator The President is the chief administrator of the Federal Government.of the Federal Government.

In order to enact and enforce policy, In order to enact and enforce policy, Congress and the President have created Congress and the President have created an an administrationadministration—the government’s —the government’s many administrators and agencies.many administrators and agencies.

The chief organizational feature of the The chief organizational feature of the federal bureaucracy is its division into federal bureaucracy is its division into areas of specialization.areas of specialization.

The Name GameThe Name Game

The name The name department department is reserved is reserved for agencies of the Cabinet rank. for agencies of the Cabinet rank.

Outside of Outside of department,department, there is little there is little standardization of names throughout standardization of names throughout the agencies.the agencies.

Common titles include Common titles include agency, agency, administration, commission, administration, commission, corporation, corporation, and and authority.authority.

Staff and Line AgenciesStaff and Line Agencies

Staff AgenciesStaff Agencies Staff agenciesStaff agencies

serve in a serve in a support capacity. support capacity.

They aid the They aid the chief executive chief executive and other and other administrators administrators by offering by offering advice and other advice and other assistance in the assistance in the management of management of the organization.the organization.

Line AgenciesLine agencies perform tasks for which the organization exists.Congress and the President give the line agencies goals to accomplish, and staff agencies help the line agencies accomplish them.

The Executive Office of the The Executive Office of the PresidentPresident

The The Executive Office of the Executive Office of the PresidentPresident (the EOP)(the EOP) is an umbrella is an umbrella agency of separate agencies.agency of separate agencies.

The EOP serves as the President’s The EOP serves as the President’s right arm, staffed by most of the right arm, staffed by most of the President’s closest advisors and President’s closest advisors and assistants.assistants.

The EOP was established by Congress The EOP was established by Congress in 1939.in 1939.

The EOP’sThe EOP’s The following entities exist within the Executive Office of the The following entities exist within the Executive Office of the

President:President: Council of Economic Advisers Council on Environmental Quality Domestic Policy Council National Economic Council National Security Council Office of Administration Office of Management and Budget Office of National AIDS Policy Office of National AIDS Policy Office of National Drug Control PolicyOffice of National Drug Control Policy Office of Science and Technology PolicyOffice of Science and Technology Policy Office of the United States Trade RepresentativeOffice of the United States Trade Representative President's Intelligence Advisory Board and Intelligence President's Intelligence Advisory Board and Intelligence

Oversight Board Oversight Board Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board White House Military Office White House Military Office White House Office White House Office

The White House Office and The White House Office and National Security CouncilNational Security Council

The White House OfficeThe White House Office

The White House Office The White House Office is comprised of the is comprised of the President’s key President’s key personal and political personal and political staff.staff.

Staff positions in the Staff positions in the White House Office White House Office include chief of staff, include chief of staff, assistants to the assistants to the President, press President, press secretary, the counsel secretary, the counsel to the President, and to the President, and the President’s the President’s physician.physician.

The National Security Council

The National Security Council (NSC) acts to advise the President on all domestic, foreign, and military matters that relate to the nation’s security.

Members include the Vice President and the secretaries of state and defense.

The West Wing of the White The West Wing of the White HouseHouse

The President’s closest advisors work The President’s closest advisors work in the West Wing of the White House, in the West Wing of the White House, near the oval office.near the oval office.

Additional AgenciesAdditional Agencies

Office of Management and Budget Office of Management and Budget (OMB)(OMB)• The OMB’s major task is the preparation of the The OMB’s major task is the preparation of the

federal budget, which the President must federal budget, which the President must submit to Congress.submit to Congress.

Office of National Drug Control PolicyOffice of National Drug Control Policy• Established in 1989, this agency’s existence Established in 1989, this agency’s existence

dramatizes the nation’s concern over drugs.dramatizes the nation’s concern over drugs.Council of Economic AdvisersCouncil of Economic Advisers

• The Council of Economic Advisers consists of The Council of Economic Advisers consists of three of the country’s leading economists, and three of the country’s leading economists, and acts as the President’s major source of acts as the President’s major source of information and advice on the nation’s information and advice on the nation’s economy.economy.

Why Independent Why Independent Agencies?Agencies?

The The independent agenciesindependent agencies are created by are created by Congress and located outside the executive Congress and located outside the executive departments.departments.

Independent agencies have been formed for Independent agencies have been formed for numerous reasons, including:numerous reasons, including:

• being assigned a task or function that does not fit being assigned a task or function that does not fit well within the existing departmental structure;well within the existing departmental structure;

• protecting the agency’s purposes from the protecting the agency’s purposes from the influence of both partisan and pressure politics;influence of both partisan and pressure politics;

• being created outside the departmental structure being created outside the departmental structure by accident.by accident.

The Independent Executive The Independent Executive AgenciesAgencies

The The independent independent executive agenciesexecutive agencies include most of the include most of the independent independent agencies.agencies.

The most important The most important difference between difference between the independent the independent executive agencies executive agencies and the 14 executive and the 14 executive departments is that departments is that they simply do not they simply do not have Cabinet status.have Cabinet status.

Examples of independent executive agencies include NASA, the General Services Administration, and the EPA.

Some independent executive agencies are far from well-known, such as the Citizens’ Stamp Advisory Committee.

Independent Regulatory Independent Regulatory CommissionsCommissions

The The independent regulatory independent regulatory commissionscommissions stand out among the stand out among the independent agencies because they are independent agencies because they are largely beyond the reach of presidential largely beyond the reach of presidential direction and control.direction and control.

Term length of members and staggering Term length of members and staggering of member appointments keep these of member appointments keep these commissions from falling under control of commissions from falling under control of one party.one party.

The regulatory commissions are The regulatory commissions are quasi-quasi-legislativelegislative and and quasi-judicialquasi-judicial,, meaning meaning that Congress has given them certain that Congress has given them certain legislative-like and judicial-like powers.legislative-like and judicial-like powers.

The Government The Government CorporationsCorporations

Government corporationsGovernment corporations are also are also within the executive branch and within the executive branch and subject to the President’s direction subject to the President’s direction and control. and control.

Government corporations were Government corporations were established by Congress to carry out established by Congress to carry out certain business-like activities.certain business-like activities.

There are now over 50 government There are now over 50 government corporations, including the U.S. corporations, including the U.S. Postal Service, Amtrak, and the Postal Service, Amtrak, and the Tennessee Valley Authority.Tennessee Valley Authority.

Development of the Civil Development of the Civil ServiceService

The The civil servicecivil service is that group of public employees is that group of public employees who perform the administrative work of who perform the administrative work of

government, excluding the armed forces.government, excluding the armed forces.

The use of patronage—the practice of giving government jobs to supporters and friends—was in use throughout most of the nineteenth century.

The Pendleton Act, also known as the Civil Service Act of 1883, laid the foundation of the present federal civil service system, and set merit as the basis for hiring in most civil service positions.

The Civil Service TodayThe Civil Service Today The Office of Personnel The Office of Personnel

Management is the central Management is the central clearinghouse in the clearinghouse in the federal recruiting, federal recruiting, examining, and hiring examining, and hiring process.process.

The Merit Systems The Merit Systems Protection Board enforces Protection Board enforces the merit principle in the the merit principle in the federal bureaucracy.federal bureaucracy.

Congress sets the pay and Congress sets the pay and other job conditions for other job conditions for everyone who works for the everyone who works for the Federal Government, Federal Government, except for postal except for postal employees.employees.

Political ActivitiesPolitical Activities Several laws and a number of OPM Several laws and a number of OPM

regulations place restrictions on the regulations place restrictions on the political activities of federal civil political activities of federal civil servants:servants:

The Hatch Act of 1939 allows federal workers to vote in elections, but forbids them from taking part in partisan political activities.The Federal Employees Political Activities Act of 1993 relaxes many of the restrictions of the Hatch Act. It still forbids federal workers from:

(1) running in partisan elections;(2) engaging in party work on government property or

while on the job;(3) collecting political contributions from subordinates

or the general public; or(4) using a government position to influence an

election.