Chapter 15Development of the profession of

O&M around the world

The United Kingdom, Northern & Western Europe

UK -1965

The Netherlands – 1952 (still use Levy’s method of street crossing)

Sweden – 1952

Finland – 1972

Norway – 1964

France – 1968/1980

Spain – 1969

Portugal – trained in France

Germany – 1974

Italy – 1989

Belgium – early 1980’s

Greece - 1994

Eastern Europe & the former Soviet Union

Poland – 1979

Czech republic – 1976

Croatia – 1970’s

Hungary – 1978

Romania – 11994

Moldova – 2006

Estonia – early 1990’s

Lithuania – 1991

Latvia – 1990’s

Russia – 2004

Belarus – 1998 (all parents)

South Pacific & Asia

Australia – 1971

New Zealand – 1980’s

Pacific Islands – No O&M training programs

Japan – 1965

Hong Kong & China – 1972

South Korea – 1967

Taiwan- 1966/1991

Singapore – 1984

Other Asian countries – short, specific workshops to individuals

Other Countries

India – 1970’s

Bangladesh – 1977

Tajikistan – 2003

Pakistan and Sri Lanka – 1985

Middle East – 1977

Africa – 1969

Canada – 1944

Central and South America – 1960’s