Chapter 15

Cardiovascular Health

Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)Leading cause of death in the U.S.Affects nearly 81 million AmericansClaims one life every 38 secondsThe high rate of CVD is primarily

caused by American’s lifestyles

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Major Risk Factors That Can Be ChangedTobacco Use

Number-one preventable cause of CVD in U.S.

Smoking harms the CV System in many ways:Damages the lining of arteries Reduces HDL’sRaises triglycerides and LDL’sNicotine increases blood pressure & HRCO displaces O2 Causes platelets to become sticky, leading to

clotting Speeds the development of fatty deposits in the

arteries

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DiabetesDeath from CVD is 2 to 3 times more likely in obese people than in lean people.

Higher rates of other CVD risk factors: HypertensionObesityUnhealthy blood lipid levelsDamaged endothelial cellsMore vulnerable to atherosclerosis

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Major Risk Factors That Can Be Changed

Blood PressureNormal adult:Hypertensive adult :

Cholesterol Levels Total cholesterol (mg/dl):LDL:HDL:

Level of Physical ActivityPhysical activity:

Major Risk Factors That Can Be Changed

Major Risk Factors That Can’t Be Changed

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Heredity Multiple genes contributeHaving a first-degree relative with CAD

Aging 70% of Heart Attack victimsOver the age of 55

Being male Men have higher risk of heart attack

Ethnicity African Americans have higher risk of hypertension;

Hispanics have a greater risk of HBP and angina; Asians have lower rates of CVD

The Cardiovascular

System

Components of the Cardiovascular System

Heart:Blood vessels:

Arteries – Veins – Capillaries –Blood:

Each heartbeat has two phases:Systole =Diastole =Reporting BP:

The Cardiovascular System

Anatomy of the Heart

Great Vessels of the Heart

From left to right (front view of heart):Superior and Inferior vena cava

Returns blood from body to heartAorta

Delivers blood to entire body from heart

Pulmonary trunkDelivers blood to the lungs from the

heart

Great Vessels of the Heart

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Chambers of the Heart

Right Atrium

Left Atrium

Right Ventricle

Left Ventricle

Circulation in The Heart

Chambers of the HeartRight Atrium

Receives deoxygenated blood from entire bodyBlood passes to right ventricle via tricuspid

valveRight ventricle

Pumps deoxygenated blood to lungsLeft Atrium

Receives oxygenated blood from lungsBlood passes to left ventricle via bicuspid valve

Left VentriclePumps oxygenated blood to the body

Circulation in The

Heart

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Coronary Circulation

Definition:Coronary arteries are

the first arteries that branch from the aorta

Cardiovascular Disease

Major Forms of Cardiovascular Disease

AtherosclerosisCoronary Artery (Heart) Disease (heart attack, angina)

Arrhythmias and Sudden Cardiac Death

Congestive Heart FailureStroke

Major Forms of Cardiovascular Disease

Atherosclerosis –

When coronary arteries become blocked with plaque buildup this results in

Symptoms of Heart Attack include:

If an artery in a limb becomes narrowed or blocked this results

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Stages of Plaque Development

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• Angina – Arteries are narrowed by disease but open enough to deliver blood under normal circumstances • During times of stress heart can not receive

enough oxygen

• Usually felt as

• Arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death – Electrical conduction system is disrupted

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Major Forms of Cardiovascular Disease

Stroke –when cells of the brain are starved of oxygenated blood for more than a few minutes, they die.

Types of StrokesIschemic stroke – blockage in a blood vessel

Thrombotic stroke -Embolic stroke -

Hemorrhagic stroke – blood vessel ruptures in the brainIntracerebral hemorrhageSubarachnoid hemorrhageAneurysm

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Major Forms of Cardiovascular Disease

Types of stroke

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Detecting StrokeA quick way to recognize a stroke is to ask

the person to do three things: 1. “Smile”. If her smile droops on one side, or if she is unable to move or open one side of her mouth…

2. “Hold your arms out”. If the person cannot move one arm or hold one arm still…

3. “Repeat a simple, short sentence”. If she has trouble speaking…

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Paralysis (possible)Walking disabilitySpeech impairmentMemory lossBehavior changesThe area of brain damage will

determine which part of the body is affected

The Effects of a Stroke Can Include

Treating StrokeFor Ischemic Stroke

For Hemorrhagic Stroke

Transient Ischemic Attack

If a stroke is detected late

Congestive Heart Failure: A Number of conditions can damage the pumping mechanism of the heartHigh blood pressureHeart attackAtherosclerosisAlcoholismViral infectionsRheumatic feverBirth defects

Pulmonary edema –

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Major Forms of Cardiovascular Disease

Other Forms of Heart Disease

Congenital Heart DiseaseDefect/malformation of heart/blood vessels

that you are born withEx. “A hole in the heart”

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM)Enlarged heartCan cause arrhythmias

Rheumatic Heart DiseaseResulting from a sequence of untreated

streptococcal throat infectionsUp to 3% of untreated strep. Infections lead

to rheumatic fever

Detecting and Treating Heart Disease

Tests Used to Detect Heart Disease

Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)

Echocardiography

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

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Detecting Heart Disease

Angiogram

Balloon angioplasty

Treating Heart Disease

Coronary Bypass Surgery

Treating Heart Disease

Protecting Yourself Against Cardiovascular Disease

Exercise regularly Avoid tobaccoKnow and manage your blood pressure

(monitored once every two years)Know and manage your cholesterol levelsDevelop effective ways to handle stress and

anger

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