CHAPTER 14

Time for Mong0ls!!!

I. Mongol Empire of Chinggis Khan

Social OrderNomadic herded goats & sheepspecific breed of horse for well being & warfareBasic Mongol Societal Unit:

Individual Family Tribes & ClanClans could join together to face a threat, etc.

leaders elected by free menusually strong militarilylose following if unable to support peoples

A.Making of a Great WarriorTemujin- young Mongol

Grandfather Kabul Khan- famous warrior

Father chief- diedHad few supportersTarget by rival clansOvercoming obstacles election as khagan in 1206He became who your book

calls Chinggis KhanActually better known

as . . .

Genghis Khan

B. Building the War Machine

• Warfare• Trained from youth • accustomed to killing & death• Variety of weapons: Short bow- could hit a

target at 400 yds while riding• Soldiers- ALL CAVALRY

• Tumens consisting of 10,000 warriors• Specialized forces of spies, map

makers• Exploding arrows, early bronze

cannons

D. Continued AssaultsConquest under Genghis• 1207: First campaign of conquest against Xi Xia

& Manchu Jin• Worse if you resisted- slaughter everyone

(scholars, some artisans spared)• all paid tribute• Some trouble vs. Qin but beat them anyway

• acquired new weapons• Explosives• Bamboo rockets• Etc.

• 1219 Conquered Kara Khitai in Mongolia and Muslim Khwarazam Empire of Muhammad Shah II

• Secret Strategy: Feigned retreat as battle strategy

• gained skills of Turkic horseman

D. Life under Mongols• Assaults were

brutal, however leadership focused on rebuilding and harmony

• Uniform legal code, written Mongol language

• Religious tolerance• Encouraged artisan

production, secured trade

E. Death of Chinggis & Division of Empire

• 1226 Chinggis turned East to finish slaughter of any remaining resistance in China; died of battle injury in 1227

• Empire divided among 3 sons and grandson, Batu

• Ogedei (son) named great Khan; directed further expansion

• Areas of China & Persia common property

Four Khanates of Divided Mongol Empire

II. Mongol Drive West- Russia and Europe

The Golden HordeRussia & EuropeBatu (Genghis’s grandson) began

conquest 1236 Russian princes did not work

together-lostTartars “people from hell” or

locustsKiev resisted (utterly destroyed);

Novgorod submitted (spared)• Russia in Bondage

Princes became vassals paying tribute

Peasants forced into serfdom for protection

Towns & Trade benefitedMoscow arose as Russia’s

defender in 1380 @ Battle of Kulikova; Golden Horde defeated

• Effects of Mongols on Russian Society– Military Organization– Motive for Political

Centralization– Formalized Russia’s

Isolation from W. Europe; Renaissance & Reformation

– Protected Russia from rising Poland, Lithuania, Hungary

• Mongol Retreat from Europe– Europeans believed Mongols

to be Prester John until 1240 with conquest of Hungary

– Death of Ogedei caused Mongol retreat

C. Mongol Assault on Islamic Homeland

• Hulegu (G. Khan grandson), ruler of the Ilkhan Khanate, captured Baghdad, murdered caliphate in 1258 (remember? End of _______ Empire?)

• Devastated and terrified Muslim world

• Mongols defeated 1260 by Egyptian slaves, Mamluks, with assistance of Christians

• Hulegu returned to central Asia with succession struggle

III. Mongols in China- Part 2

• Kubilai Khan, led conquest of Song dynasty• 1271 change empire name from

Khanate to Yuan Dynasty

• Limited Mongol interaction with China– Forbade Chinese from learning

Mongol script; intermarriage– Military remained separate in

traditional tent encampments– Social Order: Mongol, Muslim, North

Chinese, Ethnic Chinese– Rebuffed Confucian Scholars,

• But . . . Kubilai incorporated Chinese into Mongol culture– Built capital on ancient dynastic

centers– Empire used Chinese calendar– Participated in Ancestor Worship

Gender Roles & Chinese Culture

Mongol women refused footbindingretained freedom of movement-huntingRetained property rightsKubilai’s wife Chabi, influenced husbands leadership

• Mongol Tolerance & PatronageKubilai attracted foreign scholars, artists- (Marco Polo)Muslim advisors advanced bureaucracy, astronomy, cartography,

medicineInsisted on Religious tolerance

Mongol Social Policies & Scholar Resistance

• Scholars despised Mongols– Refused to reinstate exam

system-keep Confucians weak– Moved Artisans, Merchants,

Actors up social hierarchy

• Mongols promoted urban expansion, centers of trade

• Pursued policies improving Peasants Plight– Increased crop lands– Restored granary system– Reduced peasant tax– Planned public education

D. Fall of Yuan- HOW?

• Failure of Military excursion Japan, Vietnam hurt INVINCIBILITY reputation

• Leaders after Kubilai- corrupt, luxurious,

• Song loyalists, Scholars, Secret Religious Sects organized uprisings

• By 1350s, Mongols retreated as chaos reigned

• Peace restored by Ju Yuanzhang, peasant leader, with foundation of Ming dynasty

IV. Mongol Global Connections

• Taught new methods of warfare• Facilitated trade networks• Elevated merchants, set precedents of

overseas expansion• Created wealth, used to support arts• Transmission of Bubonic plague from

China to Europe