Chapter 14: Chapter 14: TherapyTherapy

Freud’s Approach: Freud’s Approach: PsychoanalysisPsychoanalysis1.1. AimsAims

To bring to light the repressed and To bring to light the repressed and conflicted impulses of the Id-ego-superegoconflicted impulses of the Id-ego-superego

2.2. MethodsMethods Client talks (free-associates) and the Client talks (free-associates) and the

analyst interprets and provides insightanalyst interprets and provides insight

3.3. Common contemporary approachesCommon contemporary approaches Psychodynamic therapyPsychodynamic therapy Interpersonal psychotherapyInterpersonal psychotherapy

Roger’s Approach: Roger’s Approach: Humanistic TherapiesHumanistic Therapies

1.1. Client-centered approachClient-centered approach Works to increase self-awareness & self-Works to increase self-awareness & self-

acceptance = personal growthacceptance = personal growth

MethodsMethods1.1. Talk about current and future eventsTalk about current and future events

2.2. No emphasis on the unconsciousNo emphasis on the unconscious

3.3. Taking responsibilityTaking responsibility

4.4. Therapist uses active listening = Therapist uses active listening = paraphrase, clarify, reflect feelingsparaphrase, clarify, reflect feelings

Behavior TherapiesBehavior Therapies The aim of these therapies is behavior The aim of these therapies is behavior

modificationmodification

MethodsMethods1.1. Classical conditioningClassical conditioning

Counter-conditioningCounter-conditioning Systematic desensitization Systematic desensitization Aversive conditioningAversive conditioning

2.2. Operant conditioningOperant conditioning Token economyToken economy

Cognitive TherapiesCognitive Therapies These approaches recognize the These approaches recognize the

influence of thinking upon our influence of thinking upon our feelingsfeelings

MethodsMethods1.1. Change the way we feel by changing Change the way we feel by changing

the way we thinkthe way we think

2.2. Cognitive-Behavior Therapy (CBT)Cognitive-Behavior Therapy (CBT)

ThoughtsThoughts Feelings Feelings Behaviors Behaviors

Group and Family Group and Family TherapiesTherapies

1.1. All the therapies we discussed today All the therapies we discussed today (except psychoanalysis) can be done on (except psychoanalysis) can be done on an individual or group basisan individual or group basis

2.2. Family therapy Family therapy

3.3. Benefits of group therapy: Benefits of group therapy: 1.1. Low costLow cost

2.2. Increased supportIncreased support

3.3. Sense of community – not alone with a Sense of community – not alone with a problemproblem

Biomedical ApproachesBiomedical Approaches1.1. We’ve talked a bit about drug We’ve talked a bit about drug

therapies alreadytherapies already Became popular in the mid-1950’s with Became popular in the mid-1950’s with

the discovery of antipsychotic the discovery of antipsychotic medicationsmedications

Led to a huge reduction in the number Led to a huge reduction in the number of hospitalizationsof hospitalizations

The major classes of psychotropic The major classes of psychotropic medicationsmedications

Other Biomedical Other Biomedical InterventionsInterventions2.2. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) or Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) or

shock therapyshock therapy

3.3. PsychosurgeryPsychosurgery

How do we Know if Therapy How do we Know if Therapy Works?Works?

This is not an easy question to This is not an easy question to answeranswer

Client testimonialsClient testimonials Crises tend to abate with timeCrises tend to abate with time Positive expectations can lead to positive Positive expectations can lead to positive

resultsresults Need to believe it was worth the effortNeed to believe it was worth the effort Liking therapist can influence reportLiking therapist can influence report

Does it work? Con’t.Does it work? Con’t.1.1. Therapists themselves also report Therapists themselves also report

high rates of successhigh rates of success People come in very unhappy and leave People come in very unhappy and leave

happierhappier Can they tell what made the difference? Can they tell what made the difference?

2.2. Problems with objective, measurable Problems with objective, measurable behaviors like OCD are easier to behaviors like OCD are easier to evaluateevaluate

3.3. Outcome researchOutcome research

Are some therapies better Are some therapies better than others?than others? There really is no ‘winner’ when you There really is no ‘winner’ when you

compare all of the therapiescompare all of the therapies

What is important is finding a What is important is finding a match between:match between:

1.1. The problem and the approach The problem and the approach

2.2. The client and the therapist The client and the therapist

What all Therapies do What all Therapies do have…have…

1.1. HopeHope

2.2. A new perspective and insightA new perspective and insight

3.3. EmpathyEmpathy

4.4. TrustTrust

5.5. CaringCaring