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Chapter 1.4: Solving Absolute Value Inequalities
Let’s use the definition of Absolute Value to discuss the meaning of the following inequalities:
a. ! < 3
According to the definition of absolute value, the definition of this inequality is “a is less than 3 units from zero on the number line”.
So, lets think about this. Where are we, if we are less than 3 units from zero on the number line? Well, all of the values from 0 to 3 (but not equal to 3) are less than 3 units from zero on the number line, and all of the values from -3 to 0 (but not equal to -3) are less than 3 units from zero. In number line notation, it looks like the green shaded area between -3 and 3, below:
-‐3 0 3
If we would express this number line using inequality notation, without the absolute value, we would rewrite this as -‐3 < a < 3.
b. ! ≥ 5
Again, using the definition of absolute value, the definition of this inequality is “n is greater than or equal to 5 units from zero on the number line”.
So, lets think about this one as well. If we are 5 units, or more from zero on the number line, then we are hitting all of the values of 5, up to positive infinity. On the other side of the number line, we are starting at -‐5, then going down to negative infinity. In number line notation, it looks like the following description below:
-‐5 0 5
If we would express this number line using inequality notation, without the absolute value, we would rewrite this as: x ≤ -‐5 and x ≥ 5.
To express absolute value inequalities without using absolute values, we can rewrite as the following:
WHEN SOLVING ABSOLUTE VALUE INEQUALITIES,
1. Express in standard form. This means get the absolute value by itself on one side ofthe equation, and all other terms on the other side of the equation.
2. Express the equation in terms of the one or two equations that do not involve theabsolute value, and solve.
Rewrite ! < a to the compound (double) inequality, -a < x < a
Rewrite ! > a to two inequalities, x > a or x < -‐a
3. Graph the solution set, or express it using number line notation.
Lets consider the following examples:
Example: Solve the following, express your solution set using number line for p and q, and using interval notation for q, r and s.
p. 2! − 3 ≤ 4 STEP 1: It is already in standard form
-‐4 < 2s -‐ 3 < 4 STEP 2: Express the equation in terms +3 +3 +3 of an equation without an absolute value. -‐1 < 2s < 7 2 2 2
So, the solution set to this absolute value inequality is -‐ !! < s < !
!
|!| ≤ ! !" !ℎ! !"#$ !ℎ!"# !" !"#$%& − ! ≤ ! ≤ !
|!| > ! !" !ℎ! !"#$ !ℎ!"# !" !"#$%& ! > ! !"# ! < −!
(assuming a > 0 )
STEP 3: Graph the solution set. − !
!0 !
!
q. 5! + 2 − 6 > 2 STEP 1: Express in standard form + 6 + 6
5! + 2 > 8 STEP 2: Express the equation in terms of equations without absolute
5! + 2 > 8 or 5! + 2 < −8 values. -‐2 -‐2 -‐2 -‐2
5a > 6 or 5a < -‐10 5 5 5 5
! > ! ! !" ! < −2
STEP 3: Graph the solution set, and Express in interval notation.
-‐2 0 !!
If we were to express this in interval notation, note that we have 2 intervals to express in interval notation. First, a < -‐2 can be expressed by ( −∞,−2). The second interval, a > !
! can
be expressed as ( ! !, ∞). Because we have 2 intervals, we need a connector to link them
together. In this case we use a ∪ (which in set theory means ‘union’).
Putting this altogether, we can express the solution set using interval notation as:
( −∞,−2) ∪ ( ! !, ∞)
r. 5! − 2 > −4
STOP! Before you being solving this inequality, note what happened with example n. from above. You should think to yourself, this is strange! Anytime you have a negative solution involving absolute values, something is strange! Let think about what this means. Lets look at the overall picture, which is, when is the absolute value of any number greater than negative 4? Well, recall that the absolute value (the distance function) of any number is going to be positive. And when is a positive number greater than -‐4? Always! So, the solution set to this
absolute value inequality is all real numbers! Any number we substitute in for k, multiply by 5, and then subtract 2 from it and THEN take the absolute value-‐ which will ALWAYS make that number greater than -‐4.
Our solution set is all Real numbers. In terms of the number line, the whole thing would be shaded as below:
0
In terms of interval notation, it would look as follows:
( −∞, ∞ )
s. −3! + 4 ≤ 7 STEP 1: It is in standard form
−7 ≤ −3! + 4 ≤ 7 STEP 2: Express the equation in -‐4 -‐4 -‐4 terms of an equation without an -‐11 ≤ −3! ≤ 3 absolute value. -‐3 -‐3 -‐3
!!! ≥ ! ≥ −1
(which is the same thing as saying)
-‐1 ≤ ! ≤ !!!
[-‐1 , !!!] STEP 3: Express the solution set in
interval notation.
Remember when you divide an inequality by a negative, it
changes direction!
t. −3! + 4 ≥ 7 STEP 1: It is in standard form
-‐3x + 4 ≥ 7 or -‐3x + 4 ≤ −7 STEP 2: Express the equation in -‐ 4 -‐4 -‐4 -‐ 4 terms of an equation without an -‐3x ≥ 3 or -‐3x ≤ −11 absolute value.
-‐3 -‐3 -‐3 -‐3
x ≤ −1 !" ! ≥ !!!
−∞,−1 ∪ [!!! ,∞) STEP 3: Note, again that we have 2
intervals that make this true. This will typically happen when we have an absolute value GREATER THAN. So, we need to express the solution set in terms of 2 intervals.
AGAIN! Remember when you divide an inequality by a
negative, it changes direction!