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Chapter 14 – Section 1 The Rise of Industry. The Second Industrial Revolution. First one occurred in Great Britain during early 1800s, driven by three main factors: Coal-powered steam engine Textile machines for cloth Blast furnaces for iron - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Chapter 14 – Section 1The Rise of Industry
The Second Industrial Revolution
First one occurred in Great Britain during early 1800s, driven by three main factors:1. Coal-powered steam engine2. Textile machines for cloth3. Blast furnaces for iron
Second Industrial Revolution was centered in the United States and Germany
Driven by three main factors:4. New transportation and
communication network (railroads and telegraph)
5. Use of electric power6. Systematic application of
scientific research to industrial processes
The United States Industrializes
Industrial Revolution began in the early 1800s, but was not widespread in America
1860• Population was approximately 33
million• Only 1.3 million worked in
industry
By 1900, U.S. was leading industrial nation in the world
Gross National Product (GNP) – total value of all goods and services produced by a country
U.S. has 3 major advantages:1. Natural resources2. Large workforce3. Free enterprise
Natural ResourcesRaw materials are necessary to become an industrial power
U.S. had these in abundance: water, timber, coal, iron, copper
Settlement of the West provided U.S. with even more of these raw materials
First oil tycoons also learned how to turn petroleum into kerosene, starting the oil industry
Edwin Drake – drilled first oil well near Titusville, PA in 1859
A Large WorkforceBetween 1860 and 1910, U.S. population triples (from about 30 million to more than 90 million)
Provided larger workforce and increased demand for consumer goods
Increase came from 2 sources:• natural increase• immigration
Between 1870 and 1910, 20 million immigrated to the U.S.• largely came from China and
Eastern Europe
Free Enterpriselaissez-faire – “let do”; idea that government should not interfere with economy through regulations, etc.
• supply and demand should regulate market
• taxes should be low• government debt should also
be low
entrepreneurs – people who risk their capital in organizing and running a business
2 sources of capital• domestic, particularly in New
England• foreign – Great Britain and
France in particular
Government’s RoleIn general, U.S. government operated under a laissez-faire system
Prior to Civil War, debate over government’s role was between North and South• North wanted high tariffs to
protects its industry• South wanted low tariffs to
protect its exports
Civil War ended the debateAfter the Southern states seceded, Congress passed the Morrill Tariff Act – inaugurated a period of trade protection in the U.S.
Government’s RoleRepublicans were very much in favor of government helping to develop industry
Pacific Railroad Act – gave huge tracts of land and subsidies to railroad companies
Gov’t sold mineral rights far below their market value
Subsidies for internal improvements, transportation infrastructure
Don’t forget the Homestead Act
Government’s RoleFree trade within the nation gave U.S. a crucial advantage1. Largest free-trade zone in
the world2. Free immigration policy,
allowing labor into the country when it was needed
On the other hand…• High tariffs hurt trade with
other nations, hurting farmers as a result
• High tariffs also instigated a low-level trade war, with other nations raising their tariffs in retaliation
U.S. policymakers were concerned U.S. industry would be unable to compete with Europe without the tariffs
New Inventions
Alexander Graham Bell and the telephone
1876 – Bell figures out a way to use electrical impulses of varying intensity to transmit sounds electronically
Organized Bell Telephone Company• Eventually became American
Telephone & Telegraph (AT&T)
New InventionsThomas Edison
Research lab at Menlo Park, NJ become the forerunner of the modern research lab
• phonograph• light bulb• electric generator• battery• dictaphone• motion picture
Consolidated Edison
General Electric"Mother Necessity"
New InventionsIn 1890s, U.S. patent office issued 235,000 new patents
Revolution in Food Storage• Ice machines
• Refrigerated railroad cars
Revolution in Clothing• Standard sizes
• Cheaper clothes and shoes
Communications Revolution• Transatlantic telegraph
cable
Changes in Work
When working for themselves, laborers set their own hours, manage their own expenses, reap their own profits
When working for employers, laborers must do as they are told or they will be fired
Wages are set by the market – any profits gained from higher productivity or better business go to the corporation itself
The Laborer as Commodity
commodity – (n) an article of commerce, especially when delivered for shipment; a good or service whose wide availability typically leads to smaller profit margins and diminishes the importance of factors (as brand name) other than price
What is the difference between these four things?
1. worker2. iron ore3. lumber4. wheat