Chapter 1

Chapter 14Safety and Security 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc.

Chapter 14Safety and Security 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc.2Disaster ResearchPeek and Mileti identify a hazards adjustment paradigm: Assess hazard vulnerabilityExamine possible adjustmentsDetermine human perceptions and estimation of hazardsAnalyze decision making processesIdentify best adjustments given social constraints and evaluate their effectiveness

Chapter 14Safety and Security 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc.3Disaster ResearchSome organizations, businesses, and governments have disaster preparedness programs Peek and Mileti suggest a public warning response is a process includes:Hearing the warningBelieving warning is credibleConfirming a threat exists and others are heeding itPersonalizing risk to oneselfDetermining if protective action is needed and if it is feasibleDeciding what action to take and then taking it

Chapter 14Safety and Security 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc.4Disaster Research(Deardorff, et al., 2003)In facilities with a large number of people, individuals tend to exhibit:Irrational behaviorModel the actions of othersExpect other people to help the injuredAlcohol, invasion of personal space, and fear of terrorism are factors that increase panic

Chapter 14Safety and Security 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc.5Disaster ResearchIn panic situations people need to be informed that they can use other exits:People try to go out the way they came inThey ignore other exits that are closerRecommendations: Train staff in safe evacuation practicesKnow where people should exitUse effective communication during an emergency

Chapter 14Safety and Security 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc.6Safety of PeopleSteps to safety preparedness:Examine which areas in a building are vulnerable to hazardsDetermine which areas elicit feelings of insecurityBuildings should be analyzed during normal operating conditions and envision how people would react in a crisis situation

Chapter 14Safety and Security 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc.7Safety of PeoplePassageway problems can be filled with smoke, debris, and total darkness Emergency lighting can be very difficult or impossible to see through smokeInstalling many light sources is important in the likelihood that walls collapse during an emergency

Chapter 14Safety and Security 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc.8Safety of PeopleSafety and insecurity concerns: Disability glareDark areasShadowsPeople unfamiliar with an environment are especially prone to being fearful during times of disorientation or an emergency

Chapter 14Safety and Security 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc.9Safety of PeopleAreas in a building vulnerable to hazards:StaircasesBathroomsKitchensAny space that involves potentially dangerous tasks Tall buildings even under normal conditions can evoke feelings of fear and insecurity

Chapter 14Safety and Security 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc.10Safety of PeopleStaircases should be illuminated to have a clear distinction between risers and treads:Effective lighting eliminates shadows on every stepPrimary safety area in bathrooms is the bathtub/shower:Falls in showers and tubs is a major cause of death in people over 50 years of age

Chapter 14Safety and Security 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc.11Lighting Systems and SafetySafety issues related to electricity: Faulty wiring, frayed cords, and overloaded circuits Ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs): Shuts off power to an appliance when there is an interruption with electrical currentWall receptacles within 6 of water must have GFCIs

Chapter 14Safety and Security 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc.12Lighting Systems and SafetyArc fault circuit interrupters (AFCIs): Stop an electrical current when an arc is detected in defective electrical equipment or wiringCan be installed on circuit-breaker panels

Chapter 14Safety and Security 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc.13Lighting Systems and SafetyChildproof electrical sockets should be installed in all roomsIndividuals with visual impairments might require special illumination levels and aiming anglesEmergency lighting equipped with visual and auditory signaling

Chapter 14Safety and Security 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc.14Organizations Associated with Safety NFPACPSCU.S. Uniform Building Code (UBC)International Building Code (IBC)Building Officials and Code Administrators International (BOCA)Underwriters Laboratories (UL)Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)Occupational Safety and Health AdministrationLocal fire officials and licensed electricians

Chapter 14Safety and Security 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc.15Safety CodesNational Electric Code Handbook (2002) Lighting System Guidelines Article 410 Luminaires (Lighting Fixtures), Lampholders, and LampsNFPA 101, Life Safety Code, 2003 EditionStipulates the type, location, and number of exit and emergency lighting fixtures

Chapter 14Safety and Security 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc.16Lighting Systems and SafetySafety problems with lamps:FiresExplosionsToxic chemicalsOver wattagesIncompatible lamp/luminaire systemsLamp type and wattages should always comply with manufacturers specifications

Chapter 14Safety and Security 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc.17Lighting Systems and SafetyLamps for emergency and exit lighting have special considerations:Emergency lighting operates in the event of a power failureKey to the safe operation of lighting systems is to follow electrical codes and manufacturers instructions

Chapter 14Safety and Security 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc.18Lighting Systems and SafetySpecial featuresAntivandalism devicesProtection from weather and ultraviolet radiation Features to operate under wet or cold conditions: Fixtures should be watertight and corrosion-resistant

Chapter 14Safety and Security 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc.19WayfindingFactors to consider: Characteristics of the siteUsers of the spacePhysical constraintsSafety codesOperational policiesAccommodate needs of people with visual, auditory, and physical disabilities

Chapter 14Safety and Security 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc.20WayfindingBehavioral elements of the users of a space (Weisman): Identifying ones destination and moving toward the siteFollowing a path that leads to destinationUsing signage and landmarks along pathCreating a mental image of path to the destination

Chapter 14Safety and Security 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc.21WayfindingType and location of luminaires for signage should always be site-specificExample:Lighting that is effective for a sign located in a dark area might not be effective in a room filled with daylight

Chapter 14Safety and Security 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc.22WayfindingIsobe, Helbing, & Nagatani Research:When blind-folded people were told to find an exit they used their hands to move along the wallWhen one individual finds an exit others recognize the location of the exit acoustically and move to the same exitAverage escape time becomes minimal for a specific finite number of peopleAdding more exits does not increase efficiency of evacuation in the expected way

Chapter 14Safety and Security 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc.23WayfindingMultiple means must be considered to help people evacuate a buildingTextured, directional signage, and using photoluminescent paints provide supplemental emergency information