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CHAPTER 14: MAKING FOREIGN POLICY
Section 1: Foreign Policy Choices in a Complex World
Section 2: How Domestic Actors Affect Foreign Policy Section 3: Foreign Policy and International Institution
Section 4: Foreign Policy Challenges 1
SECTION 1: FOREIGN POLICY CHOICES IN A COMPLEX WORLD
The Basics of Foreign Policy Foreign policy is a nation’s protocol for making and maintaining
relations with foreign countries. The Five Goals of Foreign Policy
• National security
• Establishing free and open trade
• Promoting world peace
• Supporting democracy
• Providing aid to people in need
How Should Foreign Policy Be Applied • For many years, isolationism main U.S. foreign policy, new
philosophy neoisolationism US needs to stay out of other countries or end up in long term war.
• Today, United States practices internationalist approach which promotes cooperation between nations
• Realism (perceive threats to U.S. security and interests) versus idealism (consider interests of other nations, defense of human rights, favor alliances)
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SECTION 1: FOREIGN POLICY CHOICES IN A COMPLEX WORLD
The Tool of Foreign Policy Diplomatic Tools
• United States has more than 160 embassies in foreign nations
• United States attempts to keep international peace and order through collective security and defense alliances with other nations
Economic Tools
• Money is powerful foreign policy tool
• Trade bans or restrictions on foreign aid are examples of economic sanctions
Military Tools
• Decision to use military force can sometimes be effective foreign policy tool
• President at the top of chain of U.S. military command
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SECTION 1: FOREIGN POLICY CHOICES IN A COMPLEX WORLD
Just War Theory Following just war theory, a state may go to war only under specific
circumstances.
• Conduct of war limited
• Just means “moral,” “fair,” “proper”
The theory gives a moral context for when to wage and how to conduct war.
• jus ad bellum (“justice of war”)
• Justification for war: open declaration, just intentions, benefits outweigh costs, outcome of just peace
• jus in bello (“justice in war”)
• Limited to military targets, excessive violence not permitted
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SECTION 2: HOW DOMESTIC ACTORS AFFECT FOREIGN POLICY
The Foreign Policy Bureaucracy Department of State
• Leading U.S. foreign policy agency, comprised of numerous bureaus
• Secretary of state heads agency
• U.S. DOS employees overseas work in foreign service
Department of Defense
• Largest executive department
• Oversees military activities and advises president
• Secretary of defense heads agency
Central Intelligence Agency
• Collects and analyzes information
• Assists president and officials in making foreign policy decisions
Domestic Influences
• Lobbyists pressure elected officials to further their foreign policy goals 6
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SECTION 2: HOW DOMESTIC ACTORS AFFECT FOREIGN POLICY
The President, Congress, and Foreign Policy Executive Powers
• President is U.S. foreign policy leader and chief diplomat
• President has constitutional authority to issue foreign policy statements called presidential doctrines, to grant nations diplomatic recognition
• President is commander-in-chief of armed forces
Legislative Powers
Congress influences foreign policy in three ways: • By introducing resolutions and directives • By approving or denying funding requested by executive branch • By providing advice and oversight to executive branch
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SECTION 2: HOW DOMESTIC ACTORS AFFECT FOREIGN POLICY
Interest Groups and Foreign Policy Information and Influence
• Interest groups increase influence of minority viewpoints
• Join like-minded individuals together to initiate or reform legislation
The Media, Public Opinion, and Policy • Politicians are sensitive to public opinion
• Interest groups use media outlets to shape public opinion
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SECTION 3: FOREIGN POLICY AND INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTION
The United Nations General Assembly
• Advisory body only, cannot force member states to follow its recommendations
• One vote per member state
Security Council
• UN Security Council has authority to take action to maintain international peace
• Made up of 15 member states (5 permanent members)
• Any country can bring disputes to Security Council.
Economic and Social Council
• Addresses issues pertaining to human rights
• Coordinates efforts of nongovernmental organizations
International Court of Justice
• Also known as World Court
• All member states accountable to World Court
• No appeals 10
SECTION 3: FOREIGN POLICY AND INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTION
Trusteeship Council • Only meets on as-needed basis
• Palau was the last trust territory administered by UN
Secretariat
• Headed by Secretary-General, chief administrative officer of UN
• Secretary-General elected by General Assembly
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SECTION 3: FOREIGN POLICY AND INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTION
Other International Institutions International Economic Institutions
• Intergovernmental agencies related to UN
• World Trade Organization (WTO) works toward liberalization of global trade
• International Monetary Fund (IMF) loans funds to developing countries
• World Bank provides long-term loans, technical assistance to developing countries
International Judicial Institutions
• International Criminal Court (ICC) is treaty-based, “court of last resort”
• International Criminal Tribunals established by Security Council to try war criminals in former Yugoslavia and Rwanda; will expire when work is complete
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SECTION 4: FOREIGN POLICY CHALLENGES
Past Foreign Policy Challenges Independence to World War II
• U.S. policies initially neutral and isolationist • 1823, Monroe Doctrine confirms U.S. intentions to remain neutral
in European conflicts • Spanish-American War marks shift toward internationalist
approach • United States helps found United Nations after WW II • Practice of collective security and deterrence follow WW II
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SECTION 4: FOREIGN POLICY CHALLENGES
The Cold War to the Collapse of the Soviet Union
• U.S.-Soviet relations increasingly strained • Truman Doctrine set forth policy of containment • Preventing nuclear war primary concern of foreign policy leaders • Korean War, Cuban missile crisis, Vietnam War escalated Cold War,
challenged containment efforts • U.S., Soviet Union began practicing détente (relaxing tensions) • Soviet leader Gorbachev instituted market and policy reforms, sparking
similar movements throughout Eastern Europe • Collapse of Soviet Union marks end of Cold War
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SECTION 4: FOREIGN POLICY CHALLENGES Contemporary Foreign Policy Challenges
Post–Cold War to the Present U.S. foreign policy priorities: regional conflicts in Middle East
• U.S. leaders carefully weigh pros and cons of Middle East alliances
• United States remains committed to peace negotiations in Middle East
• Terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, led to heightened security measures throughout United States, U.S. military action against Afghanistan (War on Terror)
• 2002: Bush administration departed from strategies of deterrence and containment with preemptive strike doctrine
Transitions to Democracy • Democratization often long, difficult process
• United States aims to support emerging democracies in Eastern Europe, Latin America, Asia, Africa
Overcoming Poverty • Poverty, hunger, illiteracy, inadequate health care limit economic
progress
• U.S. foreign aid: aimed at strengthening economies of less-developed nations
• Foreign aid programs aim: provide food security, literacy, health care for less-developed nations
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