Chapter 14Chapter 14APUSHAPUSH

Mrs. PriceMrs. Price

““I am a firm believer in the I am a firm believer in the people. If given the truth, people. If given the truth,

they can be depended upon they can be depended upon to meet any national crises. to meet any national crises.

The great point is to bring The great point is to bring them the real facts.” - them the real facts.” -

Abraham LincolnAbraham Lincoln

Secession!Secession!

South Carolina: December 20, 1860South Carolina: December 20, 1860 President Buchanan: SC can’t leave President Buchanan: SC can’t leave

but govt has no authority to stop thembut govt has no authority to stop them 6 more leave from December to April: 6 more leave from December to April:

MS, FL, AL, GA, LA, TXMS, FL, AL, GA, LA, TX Feb 1861: Confederate States of Feb 1861: Confederate States of

America formedAmerica formed Crittenden Compromise: last ditch Crittenden Compromise: last ditch

effort to keep states in unioneffort to keep states in union

Pres. Lincoln: Union is older than Pres. Lincoln: Union is older than Constitution, no state can leave Constitution, no state can leave unionunion

Fort Sumter seized (April 12-13, Fort Sumter seized (April 12-13, 1861)1861)

4 more leave (VA, AR, TN, NC)4 more leave (VA, AR, TN, NC)

Fort Sumter, SCFort Sumter, SC Anderson (N) vs. Anderson (N) vs.

Beauregard (S)Beauregard (S) Only casualty: a Only casualty: a

horsehorse

Strengths & Weaknesses of the Strengths & Weaknesses of the Union vs. the ConfederacyUnion vs. the Confederacy

Union: More PeopleUnion: More People

Union: Better Transportation Union: Better Transportation SystemSystem

66% of 66% of railroad track railroad track milesmiles

Lines more Lines more integratedintegrated

Union: More Industrial Union: More Industrial CapacityCapacity

Other Union AdvantagesOther Union Advantages

More farmsMore farms

- 67%- 67% Better navyBetter navy More wealth producedMore wealth produced

- 75%- 75%

Union DisadvantagesUnion Disadvantages

Fighting on unfamiliar landFighting on unfamiliar land Long lines of communicationLong lines of communication Hostile local populationsHostile local populations Public opinion dividedPublic opinion divided

Confederate AdvantagesConfederate Advantages

Strong local supportStrong local support Familiar with territoryFamiliar with territory Strong trade relationship with Strong trade relationship with

England & FranceEngland & France Good generalsGood generals Trained soldiersTrained soldiers

Confederate DisadvantagesConfederate Disadvantages

Few peopleFew people

- 39%- 39% Little industryLittle industry

- 19% of factories- 19% of factories

- had to rely on imports- had to rely on imports Poor Transportation SystemPoor Transportation System

Wartime Politics: The UnionWartime Politics: The Union

Lincoln enlarged power of presidentLincoln enlarged power of president Suppressed oppositionSuppressed opposition

- Military arrests of civilians- Military arrests of civilians

- Suspended right of - Suspended right of habeas corpushabeas corpus

Wartime Politics: The Wartime Politics: The ConfederacyConfederacy

Jefferson Davis Jefferson Davis was a weaker was a weaker leaderleader

Too focused Too focused on detailson details

Financing the WarFinancing the War

Union: taxes (including income), Union: taxes (including income), issued paper currency, borrowingissued paper currency, borrowing

Confederacy: issued paper currency Confederacy: issued paper currency = high inflation, income tax, money = high inflation, income tax, money from statesfrom states

Inflation in the SouthInflation in the SouthInflation in the SouthInflation in the South

Soldiers: The UnionSoldiers: The Union

Over 2 millionOver 2 million At 1At 1stst volunteers volunteers 1863: conscription 1863: conscription

law (46,000 law (46,000 drafted)drafted)

Exemptions Exemptions caused caused oppositions & riotsoppositions & riots

NYC Draft Riots, NYC Draft Riots, (July 13-16, 1863)(July 13-16, 1863)NYC Draft Riots, NYC Draft Riots, (July 13-16, 1863)(July 13-16, 1863)

Soldiers: The ConfederacySoldiers: The Confederacy

900,000900,000 11stst volunteers volunteers April 1862: April 1862:

Conscription Act – Conscription Act – many exemptionsmany exemptions

Also used slave Also used slave laborlabor

Faced manpower Faced manpower shortage in 1864shortage in 1864

Women & the Civil WarWomen & the Civil War

Filled positions vacated by menFilled positions vacated by men Critical in nursing (US Sanitary Critical in nursing (US Sanitary

Commission)Commission) Challenged gender stereotypes in Challenged gender stereotypes in

North & especially in SouthNorth & especially in South

African Americans in the Civil African Americans in the Civil WarWar

Enlisted in Union Army; 10% by end of Enlisted in Union Army; 10% by end of warwar

Paid lessPaid less Most assigned menial tasksMost assigned menial tasks Some black fighting units (54Some black fighting units (54thth

Massachusetts Infantry)Massachusetts Infantry) South refused to recognize black Union South refused to recognize black Union

soldiers – captured they were sent back soldiers – captured they were sent back to slavery or executed to slavery or executed

Massacre at Fort Pillow, TNMassacre at Fort Pillow, TN

April 12, 1864April 12, 1864 After Union troops After Union troops

surrendered, surrendered, Confederates killed Confederates killed over 200 black over 200 black Union soldiers and Union soldiers and some whitessome whites

Slavery & the WarSlavery & the War

Divided Republican PartyDivided Republican Party

- Radicals: Thaddeus Stevens, Charles - Radicals: Thaddeus Stevens, Charles

Summer, Benjamin Wade; wanted to Summer, Benjamin Wade; wanted to use use

war to abolish slavery immediatelywar to abolish slavery immediately

- Conservatives: favored a slower, more- Conservatives: favored a slower, more

gradual process of emancipationgradual process of emancipation

Slavery & the WarSlavery & the War

1861 Confiscation Act: declared all 1861 Confiscation Act: declared all slaves used in support of the military slaves used in support of the military effort would be considered freeeffort would be considered free

1862: Slavery is abolished in DC & 1862: Slavery is abolished in DC & western territorieswestern territories

Sept 1862: Lincoln announces his Sept 1862: Lincoln announces his intention to issue Emancipation intention to issue Emancipation Proclamation in Jan 1863Proclamation in Jan 1863

Emancipation ProclamationEmancipation Proclamation

Jan 1, 1863Jan 1, 1863 Declares “forever free” slaves in Declares “forever free” slaves in

areas in rebellionareas in rebellion Didn’t apply to border statesDidn’t apply to border states Now war was being fought over Now war was being fought over

slavery, not just to preserve the unionslavery, not just to preserve the union Prevented England from aiding Prevented England from aiding

ConfederacyConfederacy

New TechnologiesNew Technologies

Repeating weapons Repeating weapons (rifle, machine gun)(rifle, machine gun)

Minie ball: new Minie ball: new bulletbullet

Changed how Changed how soldiers fought soldiers fought (trench warfare)(trench warfare)

Ironclad ships – Ironclad ships – end to wooden end to wooden naviesnavies

Strategy: The UnionStrategy: The Union

The Anaconda PlanThe Anaconda Plan 3 Parts:3 Parts:

1. Blockade Southern ports1. Blockade Southern ports

2. Capture the Mississippi to split 2. Capture the Mississippi to split

Confederacy in twoConfederacy in two

3. Capture Confederate capital 3. Capture Confederate capital

(Richmond, VA)(Richmond, VA)

Strategy: The ConfederacyStrategy: The Confederacy

Mostly defensiveMostly defensive Invade the Union if possibleInvade the Union if possible Try to get the Border states to Try to get the Border states to

secedesecede

Lincoln’s GeneralsLincoln’s GeneralsLincoln’s GeneralsLincoln’s Generals

Irwin McDowellIrwin McDowellIrwin McDowellIrwin McDowell

Winfield ScottWinfield ScottWinfield ScottWinfield Scott

George McClellan,George McClellan,Again!Again!

George McClellan,George McClellan,Again!Again!

George McClellanMcClellanGeorge McClellanMcClellan

Ambrose BurnsideAmbrose Burnside

Joseph HookerJoseph HookerJoseph HookerJoseph Hooker

George MeadeGeorge MeadeGeorge MeadeGeorge MeadeUlysses S. GrantUlysses S. GrantUlysses S. GrantUlysses S. Grant

The Confederate The Confederate GeneralsGenerals

The Confederate The Confederate GeneralsGenerals

Jeb StuartJeb StuartJeb StuartJeb Stuart

James LongstreetJames LongstreetJames LongstreetJames Longstreet

George PickettGeorge PickettGeorge PickettGeorge Pickett

““Stonewall” JacksonStonewall” Jackson““Stonewall” JacksonStonewall” Jackson Nathan Bedford Nathan Bedford ForrestForrest

Nathan Bedford Nathan Bedford ForrestForrest

Robert E. LeeRobert E. LeeRobert E. LeeRobert E. Lee

Major Battles of Major Battles of thethe

Civil War Civil War

11stst Battle of Bull Battle of Bull Run/ManassasRun/Manassas

July 21, 1861July 21, 1861 McDowell(N) vs. McDowell(N) vs.

Beauregard/Johnston(S)Beauregard/Johnston(S) Union retreatUnion retreat Had psychological & political impactHad psychological & political impact

Battle of Bull Run Battle of Bull Run (1(1stst Manassas) Manassas)

July, 1861July, 1861

Battle of Bull Run Battle of Bull Run (1(1stst Manassas) Manassas)

July, 1861July, 1861

Wilson’s CreekWilson’s Creek

August 10, 1861August 10, 1861 Secessionist forces in MO vs. UnionSecessionist forces in MO vs. Union Union loss but seriously weakened Union loss but seriously weakened

confederate cause in MO and allowed confederate cause in MO and allowed the Union to hold onto the statethe Union to hold onto the state

ShilohShiloh

April 6 - 7, 1862 in TNApril 6 - 7, 1862 in TN Grant (N) vs. Johnston (S)Grant (N) vs. Johnston (S) Union: 1,754 killed; 8,408 wounded; Union: 1,754 killed; 8,408 wounded;

2,885 captured2,885 captured Confederates: 1,723 killed; 8,012 Confederates: 1,723 killed; 8,012

wounded; 959 missingwounded; 959 missing Union VictoryUnion Victory

New OrleansNew Orleans

April 26, 1862April 26, 1862 Union captures cityUnion captures city David FarragutDavid Farragut Closed mouth of Mississippi River to Closed mouth of Mississippi River to

Confederate trade = now South Confederate trade = now South could not support its troops in westcould not support its troops in west

City was largest & a banking centerCity was largest & a banking center

22ndnd Battle of Bull Run Battle of Bull Run

August 29, 1862August 29, 1862 Pope (N) vs. Lee & Jackson (S)Pope (N) vs. Lee & Jackson (S) Confederate winConfederate win

AntietamAntietam

September 17, September 17, 18621862

McClellan (N) McClellan (N) vs. Lee (S)vs. Lee (S)

Copy of Lee’s Copy of Lee’s orders found by orders found by UnionUnion

Single Single bloodiest day bloodiest day of the warof the war

ChancellorsvilleChancellorsville

May 1-5, 1863May 1-5, 1863 Hooker (N) vs. Lee/Jackson (S)Hooker (N) vs. Lee/Jackson (S) Union retreatUnion retreat Stonewall Jackson killedStonewall Jackson killed

Siege of VicksburgSiege of Vicksburg

May 22 – July 4, 1863May 22 – July 4, 1863 Surrendered to Grant (N)Surrendered to Grant (N) Key region for control of Mississippi Key region for control of Mississippi

RiverRiver

GettysburgGettysburg

July 1-3, 1863July 1-3, 1863 Began when a Confederate Infantry Began when a Confederate Infantry

Brigade marching eastward in search of Brigade marching eastward in search of shoes clashed with 2 Union cavalry shoes clashed with 2 Union cavalry brigadesbrigades

Meade (N) vs. Lee (S)Meade (N) vs. Lee (S) Union winUnion win Heavy casualtiesHeavy casualties Stopped Confederate invasion of NorthStopped Confederate invasion of North

The Road to The Road to Gettysburg: 1863Gettysburg: 1863

The Road to The Road to Gettysburg: 1863Gettysburg: 1863

Gettysburg Gettysburg CasualtiesCasualtiesGettysburg Gettysburg CasualtiesCasualties

Sherman’s March to the SeaSherman’s March to the Sea

Sept 1864: captured and burned Sept 1864: captured and burned AtlantaAtlanta

Marched through GA to SavannahMarched through GA to Savannah 60,000 men cut a 60 mile wide path 60,000 men cut a 60 mile wide path

– destroyed everything– destroyed everything Turned North and went through SC & Turned North and went through SC &

NCNC

Sherman’sSherman’s“March“Marchto theto theSea”Sea”

Sherman’sSherman’s“March“Marchto theto theSea”Sea”

Election of 1864Election of 1864

Republicans & War Democrats = Republicans & War Democrats = formed Union Partyformed Union Party

Union: Lincoln & Andrew JohnsonUnion: Lincoln & Andrew Johnson Democrat: George McClellanDemocrat: George McClellan Union victories turned tide of electionUnion victories turned tide of election

Union Troops Capture Union Troops Capture RichmondRichmond

Appomattox Court House: April Appomattox Court House: April 9, 1865 9, 1865

Atrocities of the War: POW Atrocities of the War: POW CampsCamps

Most notorious: Andersonville in GAMost notorious: Andersonville in GA Planned to hold 10,000 menPlanned to hold 10,000 men Had over 32,000 at one timeHad over 32,000 at one time Out of 45,000 that passed through almost Out of 45,000 that passed through almost

13,000 died13,000 died Commander of prison Captain Henry Wirz Commander of prison Captain Henry Wirz

was only person convicted of war crimes; was only person convicted of war crimes; sentenced to death after warsentenced to death after war

Union POW camps were no betterUnion POW camps were no better

Union Prison Campat Andersonville, GAUnion Prison Camp

at Andersonville, GA

Union “Survivors”Union “Survivors”

Casualties on Both SidesCasualties on Both SidesCasualties on Both SidesCasualties on Both Sides

Civil War CasualtiesCivil War Casualtiesin Comparison to Other Warsin Comparison to Other Wars

Civil War CasualtiesCivil War Casualtiesin Comparison to Other Warsin Comparison to Other Wars

The Civil War in Missouri

Time line of Major MO Events

May 10, 1861: St. Louis Massacre

May 11, 1861: Creation of Missouri State Guard (pro-Confederate)

June 17, 1861: Battle of Boonville July 30, 1861: Governor Jackson

removed and Hamilton Gamble put in power

August 10, 1861: Battle of Wilson’s Creek October 25, 1861: 1st Battle of Springfield November 7, 1861: Battle of Belmont Feb 28 – April 8, 1862: Battle of New

Madrid Jan 8, 1863: 2nd Battle of Springfield April 26, 1863: Battle of Cape Girardeau

Sept 27, 1864: Battle of Pilot Knob

Oct 23, 1864: Battle of Westport

Quantrill’s Raiders

Interesting MO Civil War Facts

In 1860 there were 114,930 slaves in MO (9.75 %)

Missouri sent more men to war per capita than any other state. Total number of MO soldiers: 199,111.

About 27,000 Missourians were killed during the war (military & civilian)

Missouri had two state governments for a short period of time – one pro-Union & one pro-Confederate.

Confederate States of America Congress admitted MO to membership in Nov 1861.

During the war Jefferson Barracks had one of the largest Union hospitals in the US with over 3,000 beds

MO had so many battles & skirmishes that it ranks as the 3rd most fought over state in the nation.

MO abolished slavery in 1865 before the 13th amendment was ratified.