Chapter 13 – Chapter 13 – Vertebrate AnimalsVertebrate Animals

13.1 Vertebrate Animals 13.1 Vertebrate Animals w/Endoskeletonsw/Endoskeletons

13.2 Amphibians and Reptiles13.2 Amphibians and Reptiles

13.3 Birds13.3 Birds

13.4 Mammal’s Environments13.4 Mammal’s Environments

13.1 Vertebrates have 13.1 Vertebrates have EndoskeletonsEndoskeletons

• Vertebrates = fish, frogs, snakes, birds, Vertebrates = fish, frogs, snakes, birds, dogs, humans, etc.dogs, humans, etc.

• VertebratesVertebrates = animals with backbones = animals with backbones• Also have: muscles, digestive, Also have: muscles, digestive,

respiratory, circulatory, and nervous respiratory, circulatory, and nervous system w/sensory organssystem w/sensory organs

• EndoskeletonEndoskeleton = = internalinternal support support system that grows along with the system that grows along with the animalanimal– Greater flexibility & more ways to move Greater flexibility & more ways to move

than an exoskeletonthan an exoskeleton

13.1 Vertebrae13.1 Vertebrae

• Vertebrates are named for specialized Vertebrates are named for specialized bones called vertebrae which are bones called vertebrae which are located in the middle of each animal’s located in the middle of each animal’s central body segment (aka – a central body segment (aka – a backbone or spine)backbone or spine)

• They support muscles and surround They support muscles and surround the spinal cord which connects the the spinal cord which connects the animal’s brain to its nervesanimal’s brain to its nerves

• Gills are located inside gill slits; gills Gills are located inside gill slits; gills filter O2 out of water and release CO2 filter O2 out of water and release CO2 into waterinto water

13.1 Fish13.1 Fish

• Most vertebrates are fish which are Most vertebrates are fish which are the most diverse group.the most diverse group.

• Over 20,000 species of fish live in all Over 20,000 species of fish live in all aquatic environments (salt/fresh)aquatic environments (salt/fresh)

• Have adaptations for water (gill slits Have adaptations for water (gill slits & gills to breathe; streamlined bodies, & gills to breathe; streamlined bodies, etc)etc)

• Fish use muscles to move; have a Fish use muscles to move; have a swim bladder for depth control; swim bladder for depth control; lateral line to sense vibrations.lateral line to sense vibrations.

• Able to taste, smell, hear, see, etc. Able to taste, smell, hear, see, etc. underwater.underwater.

13.1 Types of FISH13.1 Types of FISH1.1. Jawless FishJawless Fish – lampreys, hagfish – lampreys, hagfish

Simpler, slender, tubelike shape & Simpler, slender, tubelike shape & digestive system w/o stomach; teeth, digestive system w/o stomach; teeth, but no jaw; can bite, but not chewbut no jaw; can bite, but not chew

2.2. Cartilaginous FishCartilaginous Fish – sharks, rays, – sharks, rays, skatesskates

Skeletons have no hard bone, mostly Skeletons have no hard bone, mostly cartilagecartilage (=flexible tissue) (=flexible tissue)

3.3. Bony FishBony Fish – tuna, flounder, eel, etc. – tuna, flounder, eel, etc. Largest fish group (96%); also have Largest fish group (96%); also have

scalesscales (=overlapping bony structures); (=overlapping bony structures); also - jaws, teeth, finsalso - jaws, teeth, fins

13.1 Reproduction & 13.1 Reproduction & DevelopmentDevelopment

• Most fish reproduce sexuallyMost fish reproduce sexually• In some species females “select” males as In some species females “select” males as

matesmates• Female releases eggs; male swims over & Female releases eggs; male swims over &

releases spermreleases sperm• Eggs are then left to hatch and develop Eggs are then left to hatch and develop

on their own in most species.on their own in most species.• Most fish eggs are surrounded by a soft Most fish eggs are surrounded by a soft

case w/yolk inside. Sometimes fish eat case w/yolk inside. Sometimes fish eat eggs/youngeggs/young

• Sometimes eggs develop inside the Sometimes eggs develop inside the females body & young are born live.females body & young are born live.

13.2 Amphibians & 13.2 Amphibians & ReptilesReptiles

• Not on the final-exam!Not on the final-exam!

13.3 Birds13.3 Birds

• Not on the final examNot on the final exam

13.4 Mammals13.4 Mammals

• Not on the final examNot on the final exam