Chapter 13 The Era of Self Help From Slavery to Freedom 9 th
ed.
Slide 2
The Era of Self Help Blacks embraced ideology of self-help to
reaffirm personal dignity and hope for a better future Pull
yourself up by your bootstraps; be of service to the race 2010 The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 2
Slide 3
Self-Help and Philanthropy Supporting Education Dramatic rise
in African American literacy Books and articles about African
American achievements Improved status of blacks attributed to
education Education supported by white and black donations and
religious denominations Issues arose about how to balance white
philanthropy with the idea of black self-determination 2010 The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3
Slide 4
Self-Help and Philanthropy Black Self-Determination Racial
self-determination a key part of the self- help ideology Blacks
demanded greater presence in administration and faculties of
white-run schools Home rule for our colored schools Black community
divided over implications of self-help in relation to
white-controlled colleges for blacks 2010 The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 4
Slide 5
Self-Help and Philanthropy White Philanthropy Southern black
schools began to receive money from the large educational
foundations of wealthy white entrepreneurs White philanthropy
increased as Booker T. Washington rose to prominence Whites opposed
outside philanthropy until it became clear that the philanthropists
were not interested in promoting racial equality 2010 The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5
Slide 6
6 Booker T. Washington with Robert C. Ogden, William H. Taft,
and Andrew Carnegie
Slide 7
Self-Help and Philanthropy Educational Inequality in the South
South did not encourage equitable distribution of public education
funds Disfranchised blacks could do little to fight the blatant
inequality Blacks double taxed in support of black education Racist
reallocation of tax dollars Ideology of racial self-help requiring
them to help maintain black schools 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies,
Inc. All Rights Reserved. 7
Slide 8
Self-Help and Philanthropy Higher Education As number of
graduates from institutions of higher education rose, so did
question of what type of education was appropriate Industrial
training (Hampton Institute) Classical liberal arts learning
(Howard, Fisk) The Talented Tenth Debate between Booker T.
Washington, W. E. B. Du Bois, and Henry Morehouse Providing proper
education for the talented tenth man of the colored colleges 2010
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 8
Slide 9
9 Tuskegee laboratory
Slide 10
Divergent Paths to Racial Equality Booker T. Washington Founded
Tuskegee Institute Proponent of industrial education that did not
antagonize whites in the South Less threatening than liberal arts
education, which might encourage blacks to seek social equality Did
not call for equality; counseled people to obey segregation laws
and cooperate with white authorities 1895 speech at Atlanta
Exposition 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights
Reserved. 10
Slide 11
Divergent Paths to Racial Equality Up from Slavery Whites liked
accommodating tone; blacks liked racial self-help message Tuskegee
prepared students for specific trades and unskilled labor George
Washington Carver led agricultural department; Moveable School
Washington believed science, math, and history classes impractical
for most black people Twice upset white southerners who generally
admired his tact and diplomacy Speech in Chicago; dinner with
Roosevelt 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
11
Slide 12
Divergent Paths to Racial Equality Believed demand for equality
was a matter of timing Quietly financed early segregation court
cases Advocated for entrance of blacks into professions Opposition:
T. Thomas Fortune Black editor of New York Age who wrote about loss
of black civil and political rights Advocate of racial self-help
Afro-American League; National Afro-Council 2010 The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 12
Slide 13
2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 13
Booker T. Washington at his desk
Slide 14
Divergent Paths to Racial Equality Ida B. Wells Protested
lynching of friend and urged boycott in column in Memphis Free
Speech Whites so angered, burned down press and ran her out of
Tennessee Moved to New York and continued journalist assaults on
lynching; toured England and got British press to denounce lynching
as barbaric William Monroe Trotter Criticized Washingtons emphasis
on industrial education and political conciliation 2010 The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 14
Slide 15
Divergent Paths to Racial Equality W. E. B. Du Bois Souls of
Black Folks (1903) Critical analysis of Washingtons philosophy
Claimed whites, not blacks, saw Washington as leader of black
people Du Bois rejected Washingtons submission to racial inequality
and the type of industrial education he emphasized 2010 The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 15
Slide 16
Divergent Paths to Racial Equality Washingtons Revenge
Detractors believed that Washingtons refusal to condemn
segregation, lynching, and disfranchisement won the Tuskegee
Institute white financial backing Network of powerful friends
allowed Washington to reward friends and punish enemies The Niagara
Movement Protest organization formed in response to Washingtons
pervasive influence 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights
Reserved. 16
Slide 17
Divergent Paths to Racial Equality Met in Niagara in 1905 and
drafted the Declaration of Principles a list of grievances and
demands 55 members, including Du Bois and Trotter Group members
published protest writings against white supremacy and sought to
build its ranks from the Talented Tenth Washington threatened by
movement; wrote white newspapers asking them to ignore it 2010 The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 17
Slide 18
Divergent Paths to Racial Equality Bookerites and Niagarites Du
Bois resorted to biblical references in fight against Washington
Second meeting of Niagara Movement held in 1906 in Harpers Ferry
Infrastructure of movement began to develop; began to mobilize
against Jim Crow Openly and defiantly began to air debate, demanded
black community to take a side Most validated ideas from both sides
2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 18
Slide 19
Divergent Paths to Racial Equality Two Classes of Negroes
Address by AME minister Rev. Reverdy Ransom at Harpers Ferry
Niagara Movement eventually absorbed by racially-integrated
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 19
Slide 20
Economic and Social Striving Majority of blacks continued to be
locked into forms of tenancy and sharecropping Unable to purchase
their own land Washington sought to teach black farmers about use
of modern agricultural methods to help improve conditions The Black
Exodus Exodus of blacks from rural South started as early as 1879
Went North and West; some considered emigration 2010 The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 20
Slide 21
Economic and Social Striving The New South Blacks sought to
take advantage of the economic revolution of the late 1800s Black
factory workers eventually hired to take on least attractive jobs
Innovation and Enterprise African Americans made important
contributions to industrial innovation Embarked on program of
business enterprise within a segregated market Washington: the
business Negro 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights
Reserved. 21
Slide 22
Economic and Social Striving Combating Old South Images
Racialized commodities Demeaning images of blacks on products
reinforced stereotypes and ideas of black inferiority Blacks sought
to combat such images Henry O. Tanner; The Banjo Lesson (1893)
Black business ownership; cooperative businesses Black Women
Entrepreneurs Black beauty culturalists Created niche for
employment of black women 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All
Rights Reserved. 22
Slide 23
Economic and Social Striving Establishment of Black Banks
Blacks made special attempt to establish themselves in banking
Maggie Lena Walker Racial discrimination required blacks to chart
own strategies for economic progress; needed lending agency The
Role of the Churches Churches became multi-service institutions
Maintained newspapers, schools, libraries, orphanages 2010 The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 23
Slide 24
Economic and Social Striving The Social Gospel and Black
Separatism Linked Christian theology of individual salvation with
ethical concerns for reforming poverty, immigration, racism, slums,
alcohol Intertwined with self-help ideology 1895 formation of
National Baptist Convention Mutual Benefit Societies Growth of
fraternal orders and benefit associations Creation of black
insurance companies 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights
Reserved. 24
Slide 25
The Womans Era Gender-Specific Discrimination Women faced
racist limitations; black females presumed inherently immoral Faced
sexism from black community itself Adopted feminist theology and
established denomination-based womens organizations Club movement
of 1890s gave voice to gender- conscious civic-activism 2010 The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 25
Slide 26
The Womans Era The NACW National Association of Colored Women
Lifting as We Climb Mary Church Terrell Strategy of racial uplift;
belief in the domestic sphere; need to gain respectability in white
America Mothers clubs Urban Settlement Houses Provided job training
to black urban women 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All
Rights Reserved. 26
Slide 27
2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 27
Mary Church Terrell
Slide 28
Intellectual and Cultural Endeavors Pan-Negroism American Negro
Academy Promoted exchange of ideas among black intellectuals and
perpetuated black protest tradition Du Boiss The Conservation of
Races Discussed the dilemma of being American and black Advocated
for Pan-Negroism; emphasized need for race organization Scholarly
and Literary Works Many scholarly and literary works by blacks
during the period; autobiographies popular 2010 The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 28
Slide 29
Intellectual and Cultural Endeavors Sports Heroes Athletes
became racial champions striking literal and symbolic blows against
racism Horse racing, boxing, baseball 2010 The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 29
Slide 30
2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 30
Jack Johnson, 1878-1946