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Differences:
Poland and HRE based on Christian tradition connected to West
Ottoman Empire a Muslim power connected to the Middle East
Similarities:*central authority grown weak*Inefficient system of administration*Made obsolete by new powers*made up of culturally diverse groups that make country politically weak
•Too much savings and capital lost•Commercial connections broken and difficult to repair•Burgher class lost vitality•No colonies to stimulate economy•No stock exchange until 1771 Vienna-50 years after London, Paris
# of states 300-2000
Real # Includes “Knights of the Empire” independent knight who claim no overlord except Emperor
Electorate of Saxony
Kingdom of
Bohemia
Bishopic of Munster
Electorate of Bavaria
Mecklenberg
Wurttemburg
Hesse-Castel
Each German state wants to remain independent
Protects “Germanic Liberties”
Each ruler in Germany pictures himself as mini-Louis
The Emperor is an elected position
Candidates must give away power in order to win election
I promise to do nothing
Position of Emperor becomes political football between Habsburgs, German rulers, and other outside influences
Some German princes want to increase power
How?
Absorb their neighbors
Marriage and inheritance
Politics within Empire
Two groups will come forward in the 1700’s to begin to look for domination of the German states
Habsburg Austria
Hohenzollern Prussia
Brandenburg-Prussia 1700
Called a Republic due to the election of its king and the
constitutional liberties
For King
x King
Kon
g
King
Jam
es
The Republic is made up of numerous ethnic and religious groups who speak many different languages
Many Polish towns had a significant minority of Jews, who came during the Middle Ages
Polish aristocracy the most powerful group
Will not allow for a united, absolute rule nor a true parliamentary system
Count Stanislaus Potaki by David
Political action occurred in regional diets of 50-60 aristocrats
Give orders to Central Diet
CentralDietCentral Diet,
do the
following:
Regional Diets
Central Diet powerless
Any member can object to a proposal and use “liberum veto”
This disbands or ‘explodes’ the Diet
Liberum veto
No real national government
King has:no armyno courtsno income
Nobles pay no tax
Revenues 1/57th of French King
Leading aristocrats had their own armies and conducted own foreign policy
Feudalism still flourished
Many rural peasants are serfs
Because of weakness due to divisions, Republic starts to lose territory
East Prussia becomes independent in 1660
Kiev reconquered by Muscovite princes
The Turks had a standing army before any European nation
Janissaries-young boys recruited from Christian families to be soldiers
Forced to convert
Turkish army had been equal or superior to West in equipment and tactics
During 17th century begin to fall behind
Turks, while harsh rulers, are a tolerant society
Do not force people to learn their language or customs
Turks often leave local leaders in charge to settle issues of their people
Local rules pay tribute to Turks
Turks willing to trade with the West
Have treaty with France
France get areas of extraterritorial privileges
Austria is both new and old
•Austrian lands & Habsburgs part of the HRE
•Emerges from HRE and builds empire of its own
Habsburgs lost connection to Spain with the death of Charles II
Not a major loss as Spain had declined as a power
Austria has three main parts:
1.Hereditary provincesupper & lower Austria
2.Kingdom of Bohemia includes Silesia3.Kingdom of Hungary
Hungary had been scene of fighting between Turks & Austria
1663 Turks move up the Danube
After Habsburgs & allies resist Turks sign 20 year truce
Louis would prefer to have Austria busy
Gets his trade partner Turks to attack at conclusion of treaty
1683 Turks march on Vienna-lay siege
International force comes
Prince Eugene of Savoy drive Turks out of Hungary
Once Turks sign peace treaty giving up Hungary and other lands, Austria now free to join War of Spanish Succession and stop Louis STOP
Austria has no central diet, but regional diets survive
Made up of landowners
Vienna didn’t micromanage as long as diets produced taxes & soldiers as needed and followed policy
Only in religion were Hapsburgs inflexible
Repress Protestants and seize estates of Protestant nobles
Charles VI wants to make sure empire stays together under on ruler
Pragmatic Sanction 1713
Important to Charles since he has no son, only a daughter
Maria Theresa
Takes year to get all to sign
Must make concessions
British force him to stop new trading company in Belgium
Russia made up of different groups:
Muscovites-around Moscow
Tartars-Black Sea from Genghis KhanCossacks-between other two
White Russians-Byelorussian
Little Russians-Ukrainians
Drunkenness, violence, murder, kidnapping, torture are all common
Use own calendarClocks are a noveltyHad feudal system with serfs
In early 1200’s Genghis Khan comes through
Known as the Tartars or Golden Hoard
Tartars expect cities to pay yearly tribute
Muscovite Princes begin to gain power
Used by Tartars to collect tribute
They wait for Tartars to get weak
Father , mother and uncles die – suddendly over period of five years
Ivan is pawn in power struggle between Boyars-noble families
At age 13 Ivan calls meeting of Boyars- has his guards take the head of the strongest family and thrown into a pit with hungry hunting dogs
Russia has good government for the next 10 years
1553 Ivan ill- asks boyars to take oath of allegiance to his son
They won’t
Ivan gets better
Creates Oprichnikiseparate realm
Wage war against boyars
Attacks Norgorod in 1570-kills 60,000
1646 serfs names recorded by landowner and legally attached to the land
Unlike feudal Europe, owners could sell serfs w/o land
Peter had to survive political intrigue from half sister Sophia who served as regent for Peter and his older brother Ivan
Able to overthrow sister and reign with his brother for 7 years until Ivan dies
Peter: *Just under 7 feet tall*Natural athlete*Willing to do physical labor*Interested in technology*Knowledgeable in 14 different trades*could design and oversee construction of a ship
The anti-Louis:
Court ceremony bored him
Lived simply and frugally
Enjoyed “earthy” individuals
Most Drunken Synod of Fools and Jesters
Wants to increase manufacturing and trade:
Builds new ships to carry goods
Allows serfs to be used in industry
Peter makes all land/serf owning aristocrats to serve in army or civil administration
Gentry must put sons in school
Peter’s foreign policy goals:
1.Hold off Poles, Swedes and Turks
2.Obtain a warm water port-Baltic or Black Sea
Baltic port gives:
*access to European trade
*scientific and technological ideas
*a natural frontier
1700 Peter attacks Sweden - loses
King Charles XII of Sweden returns the favor in 1707
Great Northern War
Peter orders any area that can’t be defended must be evacuated and anything of use to the enemy burned
Scorched Earth
Lack of supplies and great distances wears down Swedes
Peter defeat them and drives Swedes out of their Russian territories
Smaller to mid sized countries were able to play a part in European affairs due to the size of armies
30 Years War 20,000 average
Wars of Louis XIV 40,000
Smaller countries could counter larger armies by training, discipline and equipment
This is the basis of Prussia
Hohenzollerns rule Brandenburg since 1415
Have three disconnected territories:*Brandenburg w/Pomerania*East Prussia*Cleeves, Mark, Minden-by Elbe R.
Connecting these become the goal
FW sees a country with no natural frontier-to defend it he needed a quality army
Even is not strong enough to defeat a major power, he could do enough damage to make aggressors stop and think
Play balance of power and ally with different combinations
In doing this, looked to make political gain
To maintain the army FW has to find new sources of money
Adds new taxes:
excise tax on consumer goods
government monopoly on salt
Brandenburg is different from other European countries since absolute rule was based on cooperation with aristocracy, not fighting them
To help the economy FW encourages immigration from successful countries:
Swiss & Dutch settle
Helps 20,000 Huguenots from France
1701 Frederick III gets HRE to make him King Frederick I
This puts him above all other German rulers
When FW’s son Frederick becomes King Frederick I, he wants to live like a king
Lives lavish lifestyle
Nearly bankrupts the country
King Frederick William I returns to army and austerity
Increases army from 40,000 to 83,000
Rotates furloughs so troops can help with the farming