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Chapter 13 Motivation Emotion. What motivates our behaviors; our thoughts? Jot down reasons in your notebooks

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Close your eyes… Imagine the future

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Chapter 13 Motivation & Emotion What motivates our behaviors; our thoughts? Jot down reasons in your notebooks Close your eyes Imagine the future HOPE The overall perception that our goals can be met with energy and ability Motivation A need or desire that serves to energize behavior and to direct it toward a goal its a hypothetical concept We infer motivation from behaviors we observe Four motives: hunger, sex, belonging, achievement *interplay between nature (the physiological push) and nurture (the cognitive & cultural pull) Perspectives 1. Instinct theory 2. Drive-reduction theory 3. Arousal theory 4. Incentive 5. Hierarchy of needs Instinct Theory 5759 supposed human instincts Rather than explaining human behavior, early instinct theorists were simply naming them To name a behavior is NOT to explain it Instinct: to qualify, a complex behavior must have a fixed pattern throughout a species and be unlearned (i.e., infants rooting & sucking) James & McDougall instincts foster survival and social behavior Too much variation in how people behave for it to be instinctive Instinct theory collapsed drive-reduction theory Idea that a physiological need creates an aroused state that drives the organism to reduce the need by say, eating or drinking Physiological aim for drive-reduction is homeostasis (internal balance) Pushed by our need to reduce drives Pulled by incentives (i.e., smells, attractiveness) Arousal Some motivated behaviors increase arousal Even when all biological needs are satisfied, we feel driven to experience stimulation When basic needs are met and homeostasis is achieved, the arousal theory states that people are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal, some more than others. Who is a thrill seeker? Yerkes-Dodson Law The theory that a degree of psychological arousal helps performance, but only to a point. Optimum level of arousal depends on the difficulty of the task. Each person has an optimum level of stimulation they like to maintain. Yerkes-Dodson Law Hierarchy of Motives Theorized by Maslow (1970) Some motives are more compelling than others Self-actualization the need to become what one believes he or she is capable of being Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Self-actualization creativity, problem solving, spontaneity Esteem self-esteem, confidence, respect of self and from others Love & belongingness friendship, family, relationships Safety security of body, employment, morality, family Physiological food, water, breathing, sleep Drives and Incentives Incentive Positive and negative Review 1. What is self-actualization? Whose theory includes this concept? 2. What is homeostasis? 3. What are four basic human motives? 4. What are the theories of motivation? In 1991, Walter Hudson died at 47 years of age. His death was reported in newspapers and magazines throughout the United States, even though he was not a distinguished artist, writer, scientist, executive, or politician. Hudson was one of the heaviest men in the world. He was so big that he was unable to leave his house, and when he died, workmen had to cut a hole in his bedroom wall so his body could be removed. At his peak, he weighed 1,400 pounds and had a 119-inch waist. At one point, he actually lost 800 pounds. Later, however, as so many other people do, he regained most of the weight he had lost. Imagine youre on a long trip, your stomach growls with hunger, you pull off the nearest exit to find a restaurant, what perspectives is exemplified here? Imagine youre so hungry that you displace your concern for all other things, which perspective is exemplified? The Focus on Hunger Psychological and biological needs Food = more than just a means to survive How strong is the motivation to satisfy hunger? How far would you go to satiate the hunger pang? Alivesurvivor-haunted-ordeal-40-years-later.htm lsurvivor-haunted-ordeal-40-years-later.htm Walter Hudson What would motivate a person to allow this to happen? Physiology Stomach contracts when were hungry Without a stomach hunger persists The level of sugar (glucose) in the blood and the hypothalamus are key influences on feelings of hunger glucostatic theory Lateral hypothalamus - start eating; automatically regulates caloric intake to prevent energy deficits and maintain a stable body weight Ventromedial hypothalamus depresses hunger; stop-eating hunger Arcuate nucleus/paraventricular nucleus The Physiology of Hunger Body Chemistry and the Brain Appetite hormones Ghrelin Insulin CCK Leptin Set point Basal metabolic rate Psychological Influences Part of knowing when to eat is our memory of our last meal (amnesia patients) externals eating is triggered more by the sight and presence of food rather than internal factors Learning that some food/drinks cause a feeling of well-being and relaxation Level of Analysis for Our Hunger Motivation Taste Preferences What influences when we feel hungry and what we feel hungry for? Body chemistry/environmental factors Preferences for sweet/salty are genetic and universal Others are conditioned Culture - spices neophobia aversion from unfamiliar, novel foods Obesity Seems to run in families May have a gene so they do not receive the biological signal that they have eaten enough to sustain them Metabolism more fat slower metabolism Vicious cycle Obesity Obesity and Weight Control The Social Effects of Obesity Social effects of obesity Weight discrimination Psychological effects of obesity Weight Discrimination Obesity and Weight Control The Physiology of Obesity Fat Cells Obesity and Weight Control The Physiology of Obesity Set point and metabolism Obesity and Weight Control The Physiology of Obesity The genetic factor The food and activity factor Sleep loss Social influence Food consumption and activity level Obesity and Weight Control Losing Weight Realistic and moderate goals Success stories Attitudinal changes Eating Disorders Fat is BAD! Barbie 57,