Chapter 13 Logistics Systems Controls. © 2008 Prentice Hall13-2 Systems Controls

Chapter 13

Logistics Systems Controls

© 2008 Prentice Hall 13-2

Systems Controls

Learning Objectives

• To understand the use of accounting techniques for logistics system control

• To examine the worker productivity issue• To discuss problems and solutions involved in a

product recall• To learn how to reduce pilferage, organized

theft, and vulnerability to terrorist activity


Logistics Systems Controls

• Key Terms– Activity-based costing– Batch number– Container Security

Initiative (CSI)– Control– Custom Trade

Partnership Against Terrorism (C-TPAT)

– Graphical Information Systems (GIS)

– Pilferage

• Key Terms– Product recall– Productivity– Short-interval scheduling– System Security– Theft (stealing)– Transponders– Transportation Worker

Identification Credential (TWIC)


Connecting Strategy to Financial Performance

3-5© Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall

• Logistics managers must find ways to: – communicate how logistics capabilities provide

value – support corporate strategy and success in

financial terms.

• Logistics resides at the functional level of the organization.

• Functional units must translate corporate and business unit strategies into discrete action plans.



• Three generic strategies that can be pursued by an organization– Cost leadership strategy– Differentiation strategy– Focus strategy



• Functional level strategies exist in:– Marketing– Finance– Manufacturing– Logistics



• Logistic strategy decisions involve:– Determining the number and location of

warehouses– Selecting appropriate transportation modes– Deploying inventory– Investments in technology that support

logistics activities



• Logistics strategy is directly influenced by strategic decisions in functional areas of:– Marketing

• Product availability, desired customer service levels, and packaging design directly influence logistics decisions

– Manufacturing• Strategic decisions by manufacturing to implement

just-in-time system would influence logistics decisions in warehousing, transportation and inventory management



• Logistics function can positively affect the financial outcome of an organization by designing a strategy to optimally support the requirement of the business.

Basic Financial Terminology


• Income statement shows for a period of time:– Revenues– Expenses – Profit

• Also referred to as a profit and loss (P&L) statement

Example Income Statement


Basic Financial Terminology


• Balance sheet reflects at any given point in time:– Assets– Liabilities– Owner’s equity

Example Balance Sheet


Strategic Profit Model


• Issues with reporting financial figures without appropriate context

• Many financial measures reported as ratios• Profitability analysis is useful in assessing logistics

activities • Return On Investment (ROI) is a common

measure of organizational financial success• Return On Net Worth (RONW) measures

profitability of funds invested in the business• Return On Assets (ROA) provides insight on how

well managers utilize operational assets to generate profits



• Return On Investment (ROI)– common measure of organizational financial

success

• Return On Net Worth (RONW) – measures profitability of funds invested in the

business

• Return On Assets (ROA) – Indicates what percentage of every dollar

invested in the business is ultimately returned to the organization as profit



• Strategic Profit Model (SPM) – provides the framework for conducting ROA

analysis – Incorporates revenues and expenses to

generate net profit margin– Includes assets to measure asset turnover





• Strategic Profit Model (SPM) – Provides a way for managers to examine how

a proposed change to their logistics system influences profit performance and ROA

– Fails to:• Consider the timing of cash flows• Subject to manipulation in the short run• Fails to recognize assets dedicated to

specific relationships

Logistics Connections to Net Profit Margin


• Net Profit Margin = net profit/sales

• Multiple ways in which net profit margin can be influenced by managerial decisions

• Relevant categories include:– Sales– Cost of goods sold– Total expenses

Logistics Connections to Asset Turnover


• Asset turnover= total sales/total assets

• Inventory is the most relevant logistics asset

• Logistics decisions can influence speed at which invoices are paid – accounts receivable

Balanced Scorecard


• Balance scorecard (BSC) is a strategic planning and performance management system used in industry, government, and nonprofit organizations.

Balanced Scorecard


• Management should evaluate their businesses from four perspectives– Customers– Internal business processes– Learning and growth– Financial

• Forces managers to look beyond traditional financial measures (more holistic approach)

Common Logistics Measures


• Transportation

• Warehousing

• Inventory

• Design and implementation of measures

Worker Productivity

• Warehousing labor

• Goal to achieve lowest cost per volume of output– Schedule work in advance– Workers should work to a goal for the day

• Short-interval scheduling• Worker productivity• Warehouse work rules


Worker Productivity

• Transportation labor– Truck drivers don’t have immediate supervision– They are in contact with customers– Their trucks can be seen by thousands of

motorists– May fall behind schedule due to external

factors– May use a tachograph to record truck drivers’

driving performance– May use global positioning, photos, or videos


Product Recalls

• Product recall occurs when a hazard or defect is discovered in an item that is already in distribution

• Reversal in the outward flow of goods is needed• Once recall is in process, new goods must be

shipped to take the place of defective ones• Recall channels may be different than

distribution channels


Federal Agencies Involved with Recalls

• Food and Drug Administration

• Consumer Product Safety Commission

• National Highway Traffic Safety Administration

• The Food Safety and Inspection Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture


Product Recalls

• Publicity, Liability, and Fire Drills

• Batch numbers


Controlling Returned and Salvaged Goods

• Pilferage and Theft

• Building security

• Vehicle security

• Computer security

• Document security

• Product identification number security

• System security


Additional Controls

• Energy-saving controls

• Hazardous materials handling

• Maintaining channel and supply chain integrity

• Protection against terrorism


• Located in Fargo, N. Dakota• Warehouses in Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Denver, LA, Portland,

and St. Louis

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Company Facts:

Products:• Industrial Freezer (1 size)

Case 13-1 Brant Freezer Company

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2003 2004

Units Shipped Warehouse Costs Units Shipped Warehouse Costs

12 Mo. 5 Mo. 12 Mo. 5 Mo. 12 Mo. 5 Mo. 12 Mo. 5 Mo.

Atlanta 17,431 4,080 156,830 35,890 18,000 4,035 178,000 40,228

Boston 6,920 3,061 63,417 27,915 7,200 3,119 73,000 29,416

Chicago 28,104 14,621 246,315 131,618 30,000 15,230 285,000 141,222

Denver 3,021 1,005 28,019 8,600 3,100 1,421 31,000 14,900

Fargo 2,016 980 16,411 8,883 2,000 804 17,000 9,605

LA 16,491 11,431 151,975 109,690 17,000 9,444 176,000 93,280

Portland 8,333 4,028 73,015 36,021 9,000 4,600 85,000 42,616

St. Louis 5,921 2,331 51,819 23,232 8,000 2,116 56,000 19,191

1. When comparing performance during the first five months of 2004 with performance in 2003, which warehouse shows the most improvement?

2. When comparing performance during the first five months of 2004 with performance in 2003, which warehouse shows the poorest change in performance?

3. When comparisons are made among all eight warehouses, which one do you think does the best job for the Brant Company? What criteria did you use? Why?

4. J.Q. is aggressive and is going to recommend that his father cancel the contract with one of the warehouses and give that business to a competing warehouse in the same city. J.Q. feels that when word of this gets around, the other warehouses they use will “shape up.” Which of the seven should J.Q. recommend be dropped? Why?

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Questions:


5. The year 2004 is nearly half over. J.Q. is told to determine how much the firm is likely to spend for warehousing at each of the eight warehouses for the last six months of 2004. Do his work for him.

6. When comparing 2003 figures with the 2004 figures shown in Exhibit 13-A, the amount budgeted for each warehouse in 2004 was greater than actual 2003 costs. How much of the increase is caused by increased volume of business (units shipped) and how much by inflation?

7. Prepare the firm’s 2005 warehousing budget, showing for each warehouse the anticipated number of units to be shipped and the costs.

8. While attending classes at the university, J.Q. had learned of logistics partnerships. Should Brant Freezer Company attempt to enter into a partnership relationship with these warehouses? If so, what approach should it use?

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Questions:


• Operates a chain of grocery stores in New England• Distribution Centers in Providence, Rhode Island and

Newburgh, NY

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Company Facts:

Problems:

Case 13-2 Red Spot Markets Company

Newburgh Providence

Throughput 4% higher

Shrinkage 3.60% 5.90%

1. How should Fosdick respond to the immediate situation?2. What controls, of the types discussed in this chapter, might

have been used by Red Spot Markets to reduce or eliminate the problems discussed in the case?

3. What longer-range steps should Fosdick take to control the operations of the Providence distribution center?

4. What longer-range steps should Fosdick take to improve the Providence distribution center’s productivity?

5. What longer-range steps can Fosdick take to reduce the distribution center’s high rate of shrinkage?

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Questions:


6. Assume that Fosdick decides that the practice of free lunches from the open cases of goods must be stopped. Develop and present arguments he should give in a meeting with a union shop steward.

7. (This is a continuation of question 6.) Assume, instead, that you are the union shop steward. Develop and present your argument that the free lunches represent a long-standing employee benefit enjoyed by the distribution center’s employees, and that management’s attempt to stop them is a breach of an unwritten contract and will be resisted.

8. Much of the situation described in the case seems to revolve around the personality of T.D. Bigelow. How should he be treated? Why?

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Questions:


Documents

Chapter 13 Logistics Systems Controls. © 2008 Prentice Hall13-2 Systems Controls